The Influence of Computer

Tobias Smollett Biography Essays - Picaresque Novels, Free Essays

Tobias Smollett Biography Essays - Picaresque Novels, Free Essays Tobias Smollett Biography Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771), Scottish novelist, was born in Dalquhurn, Dumbarton County Scotland. Smollett was born beneath a plane tree at Dalquharn House on the family estate of Bon hill in the Vale of Leven, near the village of Renton, Dumbartonshire. At fourteen Smollett was apprenticed to a Glasgow doctor. He studied medicine at Glasgow University and moved to London in 1740. He was a ship's surgeon in the Carragena expedition against the Spanish in the West Indies, and lived in Jamaica until 1744 when he returned to London and renewed his earlier attempts to stage a play he had written The Regicide, but still met with no success. He also failed to set up his own medical practice. His first novel, the partly autobiographical Roderick Random (1748), was an immediate success. His best novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), has become a classic. It is a story, told in a series of letters, about the travels of a family through England and Scotland. Smollett was troubled by lack of money. He spent his last years in poor health, and died in Livorno, Italy, on October 21, 1771. Two years later, Johnson and Boswell stayed at Cameron House with Smollett's cousin James, who was preparing to erect a Tuscan column in Smollett's memory at Renton. Johnson helped compose the Latin obituary on the plinth, and the column stood in what subsequently became the playground of a school. Some of Tobias Smollett's work consists of The Tears of Scotland (1746). Poem on the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Culloden. The Adventures of Roderick Random ( 1748 ). Gil Blas. Translation of LeSage's novel. ( 1749 ). The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle ( 1751 ). The Adventures of Ferdinand, Count Fathom ( 1753 ). Don Quixote. Translation of Cervantes' novel. ( 1755). The Adventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves ( 1760 ). Travels through France and Italy ( 1766 ). The History and Adventures of an Atom ( 1769 ). The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker ( 1771 ). Some critics regard Tobias Smollet as more satirist meaning that a work of literature or art that, by inspiring laughter, contempt, or horror, seeks to correct the follies and abuses it uncovers. I don't know what that means though. This is a paragraph from Tobias Smollett's book The Adventures of Roderick Random. Roderick Random is the orphaned, unwanted grandson of a severe old Scots magistrate, exposed by his grandfather's known neglect to the malice of the community. His principal enemies are the schoolmaster and the young heir. It is not long before a deus ex machina appears in the form of a sailor uncle: He was a strongly built man, somewhat bandy-legged, with a neck like that of a bull, and a face which had withstood the most obstinate assaults of the weather. His dress consisted of a soldier's coat, altered for him by the ship's tailor, a striped flannel jacket, a pair of red breeches japanned with pitch, clean grey worsted stockings, large silver buckles that covered theree-fourths of his shoues, a silver laced hat whosecrown overlooked the brim about an inch and a half, a black bob wig in buckle, a check shirt, a silk hankerchief, a henger with a brass handle girded on his thigh by a tarnished laced belt, and a good oak plant under his arm. I picked this paragraph because here Smollett is describing the hero of the story Roderick Random. I believe it is important to have a brief if not full description of characters, so that you can imagine seeing them maybe even being there, in your mind, while they are doing what is described in the book.

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Assignment - 1

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Assignment Example Its major function is to maintain international monetary system, the system through which countries make international payments. It basically works toward providing a system that will enable foreign exchange among countries as it promotes investments and encourage a global trade that is balanced (Heakal 2010). Countries accumulate debts by borrowing from other countries or institutions especially when getting funds from outside seems cheaper and easier. This is done for the purpose of investment in areas such as factories, production of raw materials, and to acquire products that cannot be found within their borders. Borrowing is also done to overcome crises such as wars and natural disasters. There are two means of paying the debts; by simply paying what is owed from the outcomes of the investments especially when loans are invested and managed in viable projects, and by borrowing new loans when conditions are favorable, which is used to offset the older debt (Kocic 2014). The International Monetary Fund is one organization that lends a shoulder to countries with difficulties to pay their debts. These countries experience a situation where their imports and other income sources cannot balance off what they owe. These countries turn to the IMF for two reasons; through loans, the IMF provides an instant means to offset obligations to external lenders and other lenders (both private and public) such as the World Bank which only give loans to financially struggling countries that have agreed to loan terms with IMF. This puts the IMF in the role of a gatekeeper; for a poor country to get loans from other areas, they must first have a loan with IMF (Multinational Monitor Magazine, 2000). As stated by IMF (2014), when a country is experiencing trouble financially and is unable to pay debts, it puts the international financial system at the risk of instability. The loan is open to all member states regardless of their economic state; whether poor,

Ch9 - reflectional journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch9 - reflectional journal - Essay Example On the other hand, global climatic change and matters concerning national council can be explained by science. For this reason, students should be thought both social studies and science together so that they can relate them separately (National Research Council, 2011). How does the relation between subjects in schools help in effective teaching? Sciences have a relationship with other fields of study. Science and mathematics are two very close subjects, and one relies on the other while doing investigations. Mathematical concepts are used to calculate complicated steps in scientific investigations. It is more advantageous to both learn mathematics and science along so that one can be an effective teacher. For a student to understand some mathematical concepts like drawing of graphs, his/ her teacher should teach the student both mathematics and science together. This enables the student to relate the concepts and understand it well rather than teaching the two subject separately (National Research Council, 2011). The world is evolving daily, and new technologies are invented. For this reason, students should be thought the Integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Engineering is an essential field in technological advancement, and so teachers should involve students in STEM experiments so that they can practically understand. The Next Generation Science Standards is more concerned with (STEM) since engineering is the core subject applied in the task. In conclusion, English and art are more important for a student to be taught. Enhancement of a student’s understanding requires much reading and writing and, for this reason, a teacher should have it as its first

Managerial Economics Week 8 Individual Work Assignment

Managerial Economics Week 8 Individual Work - Assignment Example Due to such limitations in cell phone technologies, the satellite phone was the best alternative to a wireless phone. Satellites could transmit better than the wireless phones. Therefore, investors opted to use satellite technology to enhance communication and develop the cell phone industry. Most of these investors used much money to develop and implement satellite phone systems. Motorola was one of the investors who in 1991 developed the Iridium. Many companies such as Lockheed and Sony invested in the new satellite technology. The Iridium was the first satellite phone to provide voice and data solutions to customers and users in many parts of the world. Despite the fact that the Iridium gave the best services, it was not accepted by many people. Users believed that Iridium’s costs were more than the services it offered. According to consumers at the time, using the Iridium was expensive. During the time, other existing phone companies such as AT&T were providing better mobile phone services. The weak consumer response of the Iridium resulted to bankruptcy of the firm and the entire project failed. Nokia is able to adapt to variations in market shifts. Initially, Nokia started as a lumber mill in 1865. However, with increasing growth and development the company diversified into electricity production and rubber products. Collapse of the Soviet Union and recession in Europe in the 1980s left Nokia in a huge crisis. In the 1990s, Nokia changed its trends to focus on cell phones. The company developed new companies in Germany and China. As Nokia was developing and expanding, the demand for cell phones was growing in the world and Nokia was one of the companies that felt the demand for cell phones. The company registered increased market value and profits reaching peak in 2000. Nokia executives predicted that producing cell phones that could only make calls would not be profitable for the company by 2000. One of Nokia’s strategies was to

The Financial Analysis Of Mcdonalds

The Financial Analysis Of Mcdonalds Ray Kroc gained the rights of McDonalds restaurant in 1954. This restaurant was based in California, USA. After being unsuccessful at Des Plaines restaurant Ray Kroc achieved a multitude of success in McDonalds after buying it out from McDonald brothers. McDonalds was made public in the year 1965 via the stock exchange. McDonalds was introduced in the stock exchange with 100 shares totaling at 2250 USD. Their success brought them up to 4.7 million stocks as of today. McDonalds have opened around 33000 restaurants worldwide. The main focus of their restaurants is towards franchising which has brought them revenues in terms of sales as well as renting. Currently 80% of McDonalds are franchises around the world with franchising cost around 45000 USD per license. They have succeeded to expand their company in more than 100 countries around the world. 2.1 Current Situation McDonalds have worked hard throughout years to attain a respectable position amongst the world fast food chains. They have managed to perform better in the face of sustained pressure. This has helped them to achieve the top position amongst the worlds fast food companies. McDonalds current situation is very stable. After going through the introductory passage it would be hard to imagine otherwise. With a huge number of restaurants all around the world it can be safely said that McDonalds is doing very well. This was not the case in the year 2002 when McDonalds faced their first overall loss after over 35 years in business. Being a strong company they did not bend in face of problems rather they planned a strategy to get out of this dilemma by electing a new CEO. Cantalupo, the new CEO, focused on the problem and introduced a new strategy known as the plan to win strategy. Under his guidance the company achieved customer satisfaction and improved operating of their current franchises as well as standardizing the future franchising. This strategy raised standards and helped McDonalds to achieve a share price of around 80 thousand dollars in the year 2010. The board of directors made this strategy as one of their core plans because of it doing so well. I nvestors now take McDonalds as a safe place and put their money in McDonalds shares considering that McDonalds will not see another recession if they continue acting on their policies. This can be seen in the revenues of McDonalds. Their revenues have increased from 20,895 million dollars in 2006 to 24,075 million dollars in 2010 and are still increasing. Their continuous success is a result of their introducing new products and even new product lines as they have done by introducing McCafe drink lines containing different types of coffees and teas. This line of products has taken McDonalds in cafeteria market and is rivaling Starbucks in USA. This has resulted for them to have a stable place in the market and in the stocks as well. 2.2 Business Planning and Strategy In McDonalds there is a strategy named Plan to Win since 2003. This plan to win in the industry exist till now and it forced McDonalds to have 32 months of global comparative positive sales which is the longest strip for the last 25 years. To say more, company has had a growth which in general lies above the industry average growth. To get better understanding about the current strategy of the company, let take a look what is the Plan to Win? It is nothing else except 5Ps that are behind the Plan to Win, it includes: People, Place, Product, Price, and Promotion. The 5Ps are trying to perceive every thinkable angle of the company, and have ways to improve everything, from refurbishing old shops, to maintenance Wi-Fi for customers, setting the right mood with music and creating deli menus to cope with the bad publicity. Promotion Products Im loving it worldwide campaign Billboards, internet, TV, all advertising in general Broaden the selections McDonalds Food Studios Superior supplier practices High product standards McCafe Examples: Rice burger, fruit and walnut salad Price High quality food at a reasonable price Value menus Premium selections Place People Refurbishing stores New music Wi-fi Flatscreens Developed training and hospitality programs to teach our people the skills they need to deliver great service Computer based training -Restaurant Operations Improvement Process (ROIP) Their main efforts are in a direction of maintenance of their unique firm power, and creation of the additional added cost through experience to keep and develop their shares in the American market. Companys newest leading addition of industrial line is the McCafe. The McCafe have a target audience of those who would like something else than regular soft drinks, or probably only wants some coffee. Using this new strategy and an industrial line McDonalds tries to seize shares of the market in the industry of coffee industry, which mainly operates Starbucks. It is courageous strategy, where they have an experience minimum, but however it is strategy which is supported by a considerable quantity of their forces. They already have global network of suppliers and one of the most influential brands in the world. Their marketing has focused on two separate things: first, coping with the effects of the obesity through marketing and a new healthier product category and second, increasing brand awareness to maintain and develop market shares. While supervising the result (outcome) of McDonalds has carried out strategy the last years, then the financial data speaks in own language. Development of the incomes which are above development of the market means that they increase the shares in the market. When supervising of their edges of total profit, then since performance of Plan to Win has increased edge more than forty percent. It shows that McDonalds till now have correct forces and strategy to outmanoeuvre any problems of fatness. McDonalds should study their basic products in the future. As changing requirements and instructions from clients and the governments appear, then at McDonalds there would be a big advantage of being preventive on these questions. Now they were some of the slowest in the industry to get rid of their trans-fat to make French fries which sends a bad signal on not caring about their clients. On all questions of public health services they, apparently, have very jet manner, still precisely knowing what to make with a problem. If they have to change and expand the research of these areas, the pure size and resources could give easily to them the big push up in CSR competencies and the general image in comparison with their competitors. But as it now, their research some kind of weakness as they concentrate more on research in decorating than in full healthy meal. It isnt intended these that they should change the basic products as a cheeseburger, big Mac and French fries, but rather plac ing some resources in creation of the basic of more healthy products. Thus, they also would deal with some of their weaknesses and would construct protection against future threats. 2.3 Performance Analysis Financial data can be used to analyse the performance of a company. In this manner, McDonalds performance can be analysed through their balance sheet over the period of three years. Different ratios are used in this analysis and these ratios are then used to compare the performance of McDonalds over time with regards to standards. All companies are bound by law to submit their financial statements at the end of each year. This helps analysts to observe the cause and effect relationships in the financial data provided by the company. Following is detailed analysis of McDonalds Corporation with help of their balance sheet. This data has been taken from the financial statement McDonalds submitted on their website. Balance sheet Period Ending Dec 31, 2010 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2008 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 2,387,000 1,796,000 2,063,400 Short Term Investments Net Receivables 1,179,100 1,060,400 931,200 Inventory 109,900 106,200 111,500 Other Current Assets 692,500 453,700 411,500 Total Current Assets 4,368,500 3,416,300 3,517,600 Long Term Investments 1,335,300 1,212,700 1,222,300 Property Plant and Equipment 22,060,600 21,531,500 20,254,500 Goodwill 2,586,100 2,425,200 2,237,400 Intangible Assets Accumulated Amortization Other Assets 1,624,700 1,639,200 1,229,700 Deferred Long Term Asset Charges Total Assets 31,975,200 30,224,900 28,461,500 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 2,916,400 2,970,600 2,506,100 Short/Current Long Term Debt 8,300 18,100 31,800 Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities 2,924,700 2,988,700 2,537,900 Long Term Debt 11,497,000 10,560,300 10,186,000 Other Liabilities 1,586,900 1,363,100 1,410,100 Deferred Long Term Liability Charges 1,332,400 1,278,900 944,900 Minority Interest Negative Goodwill Total Liabilities 17,341,000 16,191,000 15,078,900 Stockholders Equity Misc Stocks Options Warrants Redeemable Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Stock 16,600 16,600 16,600 Retained Earnings 33,811,700 31,270,800 28,953,900 Treasury Stock (25,143,400) (22,854,800) (20,289,400) Capital Surplus 5,196,400 4,853,900 4,600,200 Other Stockholder Equity 752,900 747,400 101,300 Total Stockholder Equity 14,634,200 14,033,900 13,382,600 Net Tangible Assets 12,048,100 11,608,700 11,145,200 Currency in USD 2.4 Recommendations Strategic options: Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover); Taking advantage of organic food industry popularity (develop new products for new segments); Advantage of human health problems (improvement of products). Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover). In order to reduce of employee training spending and to lower turnover, we would like to suggest: To give the job just for highly motivated people. It means, that they are going to be loyal and not to leave job so fast; To train new employees using Big Brother principle. New employees would be trained by employees, who are working longer. In this way, company reduces training spending, new employees are trained by the people, who are working inside the company and do the same things every day. To motivate employees and always take care about their expectations. It can be money premiums for good working in the end of the month (or year), some employees parties, Employee of the week (month) competition and etc.; also employer should take a look of what employee is expected from employer and try to solve that, ex. Maybe employee is not expected to get premium every month, but for good and loyal working he would like that the company would pay his child studies fee after 5 years. Taking advantage of organic food industry popularity (develop new products for new segments); McDonalds is not that company, who suggest the most organic food, so they can try: To make a line of organic food in their menu and take a look what is more popular and healthy for their customers. If it is going more popular than usual menu food, it is more worth to make all food in organic way, even it is more expensive. First of all, people like what is natural, and then they are interested in the price. To be in a partnership with scientists and doctors in order to take care of their customers heath. Everybody knows that organic food makes people feel better and healthier; also it affects nature in a good way. McDonalds declares that everything is for customer, so it must take an advantage of organic food popularity and make their customers to live healthier and in more natural way. To make big advertisement companies declaring organic food pluses and make it more popular in such way. Many people loves McDonalds food, so it has an authority and can show good example of necessity of organic food in people life and compare how organic and usual McDonalds food effect customers health and all the nature about them. Advantage of human health problems (improvement of products) McDonalds is big food supplying company, and all of us know, how food affects our health. It is one of the main factors, what built our body and strength our brains. Knowing that, McDonalds should: Suggest just high quality, improved products, which is full of vitamins and minerals. So, it means that the company must improve their products, all the food must be certificated and fit for all healthy food standards. Be in a contact with suppliers, who supply products for McDonalds food and always check if the products is natural, high standard and healthy for all of age customers. Contact with doctors, scientist and improve their products to fit for all of age customers, even they have some problems with their stomach. It means to make measures and find what is the best for all possible customers. 2.5 Conclusions The financial analysis of McDonalds says that the recovery of McDonalds after the global crises seems to be surprisingly fast and the sales growth rate continues to increase. It tries to improve customer metrics by which it can follow and decide what are the changes in the customers needs and wants, how they can satisfy these issues. The most important thing is to think globally but act locally. The later stage of the second part proposes companys current strategy. McDonalds has a specific Plan to win current strategy since 2003. These are 5Ps that are behind the Plan to Win, and it includes: People, Place, Product, Price, and Promotion. As changing requirements and instructions from clients and the government, McDonalds should study their basic products in the future.

Importance of Memory Color Essay -- Color Sight Vision Neuropsychology

Importance of Memory Color One of the most influential aspects on the quality of our lives is color. We use our perception of color every day. Without color we could not see traffic signals or enjoy sunsets, and learning techniques would be much more difficult. Color is an important function that signals and helps facilitate perceptual organization. Memory color is a phenomenon in which an object's characteristic color influences our perception of its color. The study of what colors will maximize memorization skills is important for many reasons. Human beings rely on color to keep order in our lives. Traffic signals, warning signs, and many other signals require perception of color in order to be effective. Without the use of color our world would become chaotic. Finding the colors that are most effective on memorization would increase safety and order in our lives. Also, finding the colors that best stimulate memorization could increase study skills in students, especially those with learning disabilities. Th e use of memory color could also be used in areas of business such as retail to optimize sales by using colors that are most familiar to people, and will therefore grab their attention. Furthering the study of the effect of color on memory would be beneficial in many areas. Our lives are kept in order by numerous signs, signals, and devices that provide instruction and precautions. We are constantly adapting these devices in ways that will increase our awareness of their function. Naor (2001) found that color knowledge interacts with object representation in many levels, depending upon the access level that is triggered by the stimulus. Therefore, using colors in signs and signals that are more familiar to people w... ...9 Goolsby, B. A., & Suzuki, S. (2001). Understanding priming of color-singleton search: Roles of attention at encoding and retrieval. Perception and Psychophysics Vol. 63(6), 929-944 Johnson, B. D., Altmaier, E. M.; & Richman, L.C. (1999). Attention Deficits and Reading Disabilities: Are Immedeate Memory Defects Additive? Developmental Neuropsychology, Vol 15(2), 213-227 Kido, M. (2000). Bio-psychological effects of color. Journal of International Society of Life Info. Science, Vol 18(1), 254-262 Naor Raz, G. (2001). Understanding the role of color object representation; Evidence for multiple levels of interaction. Robinson, G., & Cipolotti, L. (2001). The selective preservation of colour naming in semantic dementia. Neurocase Special Issue: Vol 7(1), 65-75 Tavussoli, N. T. (2001). Color memory and evaluations for alphebetical and logographic brand Importance of Memory Color Essay -- Color Sight Vision Neuropsychology Importance of Memory Color One of the most influential aspects on the quality of our lives is color. We use our perception of color every day. Without color we could not see traffic signals or enjoy sunsets, and learning techniques would be much more difficult. Color is an important function that signals and helps facilitate perceptual organization. Memory color is a phenomenon in which an object's characteristic color influences our perception of its color. The study of what colors will maximize memorization skills is important for many reasons. Human beings rely on color to keep order in our lives. Traffic signals, warning signs, and many other signals require perception of color in order to be effective. Without the use of color our world would become chaotic. Finding the colors that are most effective on memorization would increase safety and order in our lives. Also, finding the colors that best stimulate memorization could increase study skills in students, especially those with learning disabilities. Th e use of memory color could also be used in areas of business such as retail to optimize sales by using colors that are most familiar to people, and will therefore grab their attention. Furthering the study of the effect of color on memory would be beneficial in many areas. Our lives are kept in order by numerous signs, signals, and devices that provide instruction and precautions. We are constantly adapting these devices in ways that will increase our awareness of their function. Naor (2001) found that color knowledge interacts with object representation in many levels, depending upon the access level that is triggered by the stimulus. Therefore, using colors in signs and signals that are more familiar to people w... ...9 Goolsby, B. A., & Suzuki, S. (2001). Understanding priming of color-singleton search: Roles of attention at encoding and retrieval. Perception and Psychophysics Vol. 63(6), 929-944 Johnson, B. D., Altmaier, E. M.; & Richman, L.C. (1999). Attention Deficits and Reading Disabilities: Are Immedeate Memory Defects Additive? Developmental Neuropsychology, Vol 15(2), 213-227 Kido, M. (2000). Bio-psychological effects of color. Journal of International Society of Life Info. Science, Vol 18(1), 254-262 Naor Raz, G. (2001). Understanding the role of color object representation; Evidence for multiple levels of interaction. Robinson, G., & Cipolotti, L. (2001). The selective preservation of colour naming in semantic dementia. Neurocase Special Issue: Vol 7(1), 65-75 Tavussoli, N. T. (2001). Color memory and evaluations for alphebetical and logographic brand

What Makes a Piece Literature?

Some claims that every literature tries to make a specific point. A good writer they say always associates her opinion, ideas and thoughts in her or his masterpiece. Some produce literature purely for entertainment stressing that life is funny and humorous, some include many ironies highlighting that life is complicated and hard to understand, some literature especially those classics are for the purpose of political movement portraying the kind of values and morality the society has, some are for the purpose of religion and spirituality, some literature was made to emphasize creativity or unconventional way of creating a literature redefining the stereotypical characterization, themes, settings, conflicts and endings, and most importantly some literature are made for the purpose of persuasion. Literary works of writers especially from the past reflect their artistic interpretation of the world which is usually in the midst of inequalities, war and conflict. Literature basically speaks volumes about human ideas, emotions and nature that illustrate the kind of culture, religion and social orientation the writer has during the time he or she created it. There is no given absolute standard of what makes a piece a literature. Literature is basically the product of writer’s consciousness and experience. Literature can be always authentic or original. Most of the time, writer’s inputs in his writing is a mixture of acquired knowledge from the previous readings and his own (Elliot). In the earliest literature, the themes of something metaphysical are often explored especially in Greek and Roman literature during the time when most people were still in search of religion. One of the strongest and perhaps oldest emotions of mankind is fear, and the most intriguing fear is the fear of the unknown. The idea of fear inspires classic and contemporary writers to explore the things that cannot be seen or fully comprehended by human understanding, from the element of fear of the unknown to the exploration of something metaphysical that motivates detachment from life. As time passes by however, human interaction and attachment is increasing. There is a rapid development of ideas towards the standard of morality and ideal society. System and government arises and so inequality. Chaucer and Twain for example express their thoughts regarding inequalities of societal system through the stories and characters they created in their literature. Their works are considered timeless since the human problems they battled and experienced before are still being experience today. All literature is timeless in their own way since it explores human experience and human nature. Since everybody who can read literature is human, everybody can relate. There is no such thing as traditional literature when it comes to themes and symbolisms. What makes a literature traditional is that it was created long time ago.

Power, Privilege, and Difference a Book by Allan G. Johnson

Power, Privilege, and Difference a Book by Allan G. Johnson Allan G. Johnson, the author of the book, Power, Privilege, and Difference, provides vital information about the concept of the systems of power and privilege as applied in societies. In this book, Allan explores how the society preserves privilege, how it interacts with power, and how it can create a difference by interacting with the systems. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Power, Privilege, and Difference† a Book by Allan G. Johnson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In chapter one, he identifies the common problem and posits that all people contribute towards them. I concur with him not only on this opinion, but also on others, as pointed out in chapters two and three. Allan’s argument that all people are responsible for any problem facing the society is true and to the point. It holds that any change, constructive or destructive must originate from the people. For instance, race-related probl ems, sex, and gender are the major problems encountered in every society. They have become part of our daily life such that we hardly realise our connections with them. Basing my argument on how people intermingle with these fields on a day-to-day manner, it stands out that any inconvenience affecting these among other areas must result from the people. Though Allan focuses his views on the American society, I extend this by treating America as an illustration of a society. This comes from his implication of privilege and power in chapter two. He considers these two as the pillars upon which the entire societal conflicts are built because people have acquired title and given the mandate to handle things they have not worked for. This is true because these favour some on the expense of others. Not all can be powerful neither can all be privileged. When one has one or both, the rest feel lower-ranked and begin yearning for equality. By so doing, troubles arise affecting the whole soc iety. A way out of this quagmire is people’s cooperation regardless of ranks to influence their society for the better. Neglecting the negative implications of the two words as seen by the society, they ought to bring a change enjoyable by all members of the social system. In chapter three, the issue of capitalism is brought forward. Every social organization has its own reliable resources, which ought to be distributed uniformly to all the members. Allan points out the problem that is born when this is not the case as capitalism. From my experience, this holds everywhere. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This brings his issue of difference. The society views it as imbalance and rejects it since it seems to be advantageous to some while it is an expense to others. According to it, all social units should be equal. The powerful should ensure that powers are not o nly felt by some but all in the society. Everyone needs not to treat himself or herself as favoured rather than similar to any other member. From all the categories of problems faced by the society, man will always play a major part to cause them in as much as he/she lives. From my view, he acts as the force or power behind every activity that happens whether good or bad. He/she is also liable of changing the situation by participating in solving the problems since he/she is able to. People only need to change their mindsets pertaining to the existence of privileges and power. They need to join hands in discussing these issues openly neglecting the shame-blame notions portrayed by many. To pose a suggestion, they need to look at the present state of the society, identify the prevailing problems, think of their relevant solutions, and then cooperate to implement them. All these calls for people’s involvement and thus Allan’s opinion that people contribute towards a pr oblem is true though it needs to be broadened to include them as part of the solution.

The Tax Burdens on Tobacco Products is Shared Between Consumers and Producers

The Tax Burdens on Tobacco Products is Shared Between Consumers and Producers Free Online Research Papers â€Å"The tax burdens of sin taxes on tobacco products is shared equally between consumers and producers† This statement is arguably incorrect. In this piece of information I am going to explain why the statement given is not true and I will show, with illustrations that producers pay less or even no tax than the final consumer. Included in this information are concepts that will be explained and applied to show the truth of this statement and how each of these concepts relates to the tax burdens of sin taxes. Briefly, this information will consist of a theoretical framework, an analysis and a conclusion where I will conclude that, according to research, consumers carry out the tax burdens of sin taxes. At the end of it all will be a bibliography, a list of resources I have used to gain data and have processed it to receive information to prove my argument correct. Sin taxes are negative externalities which are products like cigarettes and alcohol that are not beneficial to society or a person1. Everything we can buy includes a price, a cost and a producer and what their cost is. Also it leads to a concept of demand and supply3. Basically, demand is just a relationship between the quantity of a good that consumers plan to buy and the price of the good when every other influence on a buyers’ plan stay the same. Supply on the other hand is also just a relationship between the quantity of a good that producers, not consumers, plan to sell and not to buy and the price of the good when all other influences on sellers’ plans remain the same. There is a demand and supply for almost any sellable product. But when there is too much demand, the product could lead to a black market; this is an illegal way of getting an item through a much higher price. Other concepts to be introduced are the price elasticity of demand, elasticity, which includes inelasticity, unit elasticity and elasticity itself. Firstly, the price elasticity of demand, this is a unit-free measure of the responsiveness of a quantity demanded of a good to a fluctuation in price. The price elasticity of demand is calculated as follows: Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price. To calculate this we need to know the quantity demanded at different prices. Furthermore, inelasticity refers to inelastic demand which is a demand with price elasticity 0 and 1. A good has an inelastic demand when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price: P D 0 Q A good can also have unit elasticity. This is a demand with a price elasticity of 1 which means that the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price: P 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Q Then there is the elastic demand, now this is a demand with a price elasticity greater than 1. Therefore every other thing remains constant. This occurs when the percentage change in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage change in price. P 0 Q With the price elasticity of demand comes perfectly elastic demand and perfectly inelastic demand. Perfectly elastic demand is when its size is infinity which means that the smallest increase possible will cause an infinitely elastic large decrease in quantity demanded and perfectly inelastic demand is when the size is zero, the quantity demanded is the same at any price. Cross elasticity of demand is a method of how reactive is the demand for a good subjected to a change in the price of a substitute or a complement, example: tea for coffee. It is calculated as follows: Cross elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price of substitute or complement. P ? Price of the substitute rises. And the opposite direction when the price decreases. 0 Q The curve moves outward if the substitute’s price increases, therefore it is positive cross elasticity. There are 4 relationships and are best described as perfect substitutes, substitutes, independent and complements. Perfect substitutes are infinite when the smallest increase in price of 1 good causes an infinite large increase in the quantity demanded of that item. Substitutes, when positive, but less than infinity occur when the price of an item increases, the quantity demanded of the other item also increases. They are independent when the size is 0 which means that the quantity demanded of 1 good remains constant whether the price increases or decreases. Complements however are less than 0, meaning that the quantity demanded of 1 item decreases when the price of the other increases. Income elasticity of demand refers to how responsive is the demand for a good or service subjected to a fluctuation in income when everything else is constant. For a normal good, income elastic, when it is bigger than 1, the percentage increases in the quantity demanded is greater than the percentage increase in income. While income inelastic for a normal good when it is less than 1 but bigger than 0, simply means that the percentage increase in quantity demanded is less than the percentage increase in income. Lastly, negative income elastic for an inferior good, which is less than 0, explains that when the income increases, the quantity demanded decreases. Now, moving onto the elasticity of supply. What the elasticity of supply does is to measure how responsive is the quantity supplied subjected to a change in the price of a good when everything else remains the same. It is however calculated as follows: Price elasticity of supply = percentage change in quantity supplied / percentage change in price. Perfectly inelastic supply is when the size is 0, this means that the quantity that is supplied is the same regardless of price: P S1 0 Q Perfectly elastic supply is when the size is infinite, the small increase in price causes an infinite big increase in the quantity supplied: P 0 Q These are just concept graphs to gain an understanding of the elasticity of supply. Tax incidence is the one concept that has a majority part involved with sin taxes. Tax incidence is and I quote: â€Å"the division of the burden of a tax between the buyer and the seller† This is a typical illustration and representation of the result of a tax increase on cigarettes: P S + tax S D 0 Q The point reaches new equilibrium and therefore will elasticity have a role in this change. The graph of perfect elasticity: P S + tax S Q Now that we gain an understanding of elasticity and tax incidence, it is important to know how the one affects the other. It is the tax incidence that affects elasticity. But how? If the price of cigarettes increase because sin tax has increased, some people would stop smoking because of this and some will stay constant in their smoking because it is a habit and some would just reduce by a small amount. Therefore the person that carries on smoking regardless of the price has a perfectly inelastic demand for that good whilst the person that reduces smoking has unit elastic demand. With this information we can see that tax incidence does have an effect on elasticity. According to the statement given, it is stated that the sin taxes on tobacco products are shared equally between consumers and producers. The tax can be shared partly between the consumer and producer but not equally. Therefore I disagree with this statement because if the government increases the tax on cigarettes, the price paid by the consumer can rise by the full amount and therefore pays the entire tax or by a lesser amount or nothing at all. If it’s the lesser amount, it will be partly paid by buyer and seller. If the consumers’ price does not change then the tax falls completely on the seller. To also prove my argument, according to the article, â€Å"smokers cough up† from the financial mail, 24th October 2008, it is stated that it is not the sellers of sin products that foot the tax bill, it is the consumers2. Also an approximately 52 percent of tax is paid by the consumer alone on cigarettes and 43 percent tax is paid on alcohol. Since it is not environmentally friendly to smoke, government could have increased the tax to try and make people not to pay and quit smoking. This is also where we involve the rich and the poor. The poor cannot afford it and therefore slack down or quit smoking while the rich carry on smoking; they are a good example of perfectly inelastic demand. Therefore I conclude that the above statement is incorrect because due to tax incidence and elasticity, it clearly illustrates that the final consumer is the one that pays most of the tax burdens of sin taxes on tobacco products. It will never be shared equally between producer and consumer because, the more inelastic the demand for a good, the larger the share of the sin tax pushed to the consumer, also including reasons such as environmental issues that can occur and that the sellers will want to maintain their profit margin. References: 1) investopedia.com/terms/s/sin_tax.asp 2) â€Å"Smokers cough up† Financial mail, 24th October 2008 3) PARKIN, POWELL and MATHEWS(Economics,2008) Bibliography: Economics 7th edition, 2008 o Parkin, Powell and Matthews Economics for South African students second editor o Philip Mohr, Louis Fourie and associates Economics X-kit, 2009 o Pearson, Maskew Miller Longman Grade 12 Economics o Exam study guide o Human, Van Zyl and Cele Google. 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