Personal Philosophy of Nursing Essay

My philosophy in nursing is the devotion to deliver the utmost personal patient care I am capable of delivering to the ill, may it be physically, mentally, or emotional, as well as to the challenged in time of need. In order to define my philosophy of nursing, I had to take time out and re-examine my value system, and my beliefs. As I think about it I know I am a caring and compassionate nurse. I reminisced back to the late 70’s, my upbringing in foreign countries and having been exposed to diverse cultures, I quickly learned to revert back to the customs instilled in me by my parents and family. My mores and values of caring with my dedication indeed make a difference. With this valued exposure in my young life, these core values of nursing the beliefs instilled in me were defined by family and friends and peers and my personal as well as professional growth which made me the person I am today. Chitty defines philosophy as â€Å"philosophy is the study of principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe† (p. 31), and Merriam-Webster more clearly defines states â€Å"pursuit of wisdom, the search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather the observational needs† (online dictionary). That’s me. I strongly belief in modern medicine and the advancements in technology, therefore it is crucial for me to keep up on current trends, translate procedures, the use of new equipment and what to expect for my patients. I respect the patient’s autonomy and their ethical behaviors. With empathy and care, I am their advocate; I am their voice when he/she is unable to speak, it is my therapeutic touch they feel and I am part of their treatment team. It is my commitment to my patient, to the organization, and my value system. I believe in the mandatory continuing education process for nurses. In order to deliver proficient patient care it is of utmost importance to me in order to remain educated on current research and trends. Keeping up with federal regulations on HIPAA gives me the power to educate my patient and to assure them that their privacy is protected and secured. The updates from the Center of Disease Control allow me to deliver the appropriate care patient specific and as well as protect my self from exposures. I am able to explain to my patient why I am wearing a mask, a gown, or why I am red-bagging all  his linens. The patient does indeed ask â€Å"silent questions† being observant by their facial expressions I can be honest and educated with my rationales. I also belief in holistic nursing; encompassing, and â€Å"nourishing the whole person, that is the body, mind and spirit† (Chitty, 2007, p 312) as well as in holistic medicine â€Å"nontraditional forms of medicine that consider the whole person rather the disease or groups of diseased organs, it also considers the body, mind, emotion, spirit connection† (Powell, p 504). It is my responsibility in incorporate gained knowledge, skills, and resources to improve my patient’s quality of life. I strongly feel and believe that every person should be covered under universal Health Care. However, Governmental constraints along with guidelines and monetary reimbursements do not allow for additional hospital stays. I am the advocate for my patient, and as a Case Manager, I will assure that to find assistance for the patient to have someone caring for him/her at home due to early discharge. We, society, neglect to accept the reality that our patient population is getting older and their healthcare needs are more serious and demanding. I realize that professional nursing draws upon the related disciplines of natural and social sciences and humanities, and it is my contribution as a nurse to the best of my abilities to facilitate maximum functional health status for my patient by collaborating with the treatment team, families, groups and the community. It is my duty and commitment as a nurse to uphold my philosophy of nursing. I continue to evaluate my mores and values and seek to continue my education, I will advocate for my patient. I will continue to care for myself, to adhere to healthy lifestyle practices and to maintain my physical, mental and emotional health in order to continue to provide care to my patients with dignity and respect. References Chitty, K.K. (2007). Professional Nursing Concepts & Challenges (5th ed.). St. Louis: ElsevierInc. Retrieved October 3, 2008 from University of Phoenix Library. Philosophy: (2008). In Merriam-Webster online Dictionary. Retrieved October 2, 2008, from http:///www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosophyPowell, S.K. (2000) Nursing Case Management: A practical guide to success in managed care(2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Of Mice and Men Chapter Summary Essay

Chapter One Two itinerant workers, George and Lennie, are introduced. They rest in a small clearing by the Salinas River, on their way to a nearby ranch where they expect to sign on for work. They have hurriedly left the last ranch, following an incident involving Lennie in Weed. Lennie pleads with George to tell him over and over again about their dream ranch, where Lennie’s main task will be to tend the rabbits. Lennie’s Aunt Clara, whom he refers to as â€Å"that Lady†, is briefly introduced to the novel, as is Lennie’s love of petting mice. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of George and Lennie – character descriptions (p.19-20) †¢ We first hear about the American Dream (p. 31-33) †¢ First hints of what happened in Weed (p.24, 29) Chapter Two The next day George and Lennie arrive at the ranch and go to the bunk house, where they meet most of the other main characters in the novel: Candy, an old â€Å"swamper† with only one hand; Curley, the boss’s son; the boss, who is suspicious that George will not let Lennie speak for himself; Curley’s â€Å"purty† young wife, who flirts with the other men; Slim, the top ranch hand who is respected by all the other ranch hands; and Carlson, another of the established hands. Slim is friendly towards George and Lennie. His bitch dog has recently given birth to pups and begs George to ask him if he will give one to Lennie as a pet. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of the other characters (and mention of Crooks, the stable buck) – character descriptions are throughout the chapter †¢ We can begin to see the hierarchy on the ranch – introduction of Curley (p.46-48) – introduction of Slim (p.55-57) – CONTRAST †¢ Introduction of Curley’s wife – important for the theme of sexist attitudes towards women? (p.53-54) Chapter Three George reveals to Slim the real reason why he and Lennie travel together. Slim realises that Lennie has the mentality of a child. George tells Slim about the supposed rape in Weed involving Lennie. Carlson bullies Candy into allowing him to shoot his ageing, smelly, rheumatic dog. George, at Lennie’s insistence, describes to him again their dream farm, and Candy who is listening in, also becomes enchanted by the idea. Curley starts a fight with Lennie and at George’s command Lennie eventually unleashes his strength and crushes Curley’s hand with ease. Slim persuades Curley that to avoid further humiliation, it would be in his best interests to pretend that his hand got caught in a machine. Key Points: †¢ Further character development of George and Lennie – reader gets more of an insight into their past together – George’s â€Å"confession† of how he used to treat Lennie ( p.65-66) †¢ Shooting of Candy’s dog – a forewarning of what is to happen to Lennie? Because the relationship between Candy and his dog could be seen as similar to George and Lennie’s. (p.70-72†¦74-76) †¢ George and Lennie realise their dream could become a reality, as Candy gets involved, and the three realise they could save the money together (p.83-89) Chapter Four All the men go into town on Saturday night except Lennie, Candy and Crooks. Crooks reluctantly allows Lennie into his room where they talk and Crooks taunts Lennie that George may not return, leaving Lennie on his own. Lennie begins to panic at this thought and Crooks is forced to apologise in an attempt to calm Lennie down. Candy joins them and he and Lennie let slip to Crooks their intention to buy a farm. They are interrupted by Curley’s wife, who is looking for company. Candy and Crooks resent her presence and when Crooks orders her out of his room, she attacks him verbally, using her superior social status as a white woman. Key Points †¢ Proper meeting of Crooks’ character – insight into life as a coloured man in 1930’s America and the hardships he has suffered. (p. 98-105) †¢ Character development of Curley’s wife – a sense of vulnerability is revealed about her as she describes how her life could have been if she wasn’t married to Curley – the grim reality of life is shown when she attacks the three men when they tell her to leave. (p.109-115) Chapter Five Most of the men are outside the barn playing at throwing horseshoes. Only Lennie is in the barn, where he has just accidentally killed his pup by stroking it too hard. Curley’s wife comes in and starts to flirt with Lennie who confesses to her his liking for stroking nice things. She invites him to stroke her long, soft hair, but as his stroking becomes harder, she panics; the harder her strokes the more she panics and in the end, Lennie accidentally breaks her neck. He half buries her body in the hay and runs off. Candy discovers Curley’s wife’s body and informs the rest of the men. Curley is furious and decides to seek revenge, organising a man-hunt to pursue and kill Lennie. Slim suggests that Curley stay with his wife, but Curley shows his true feelings for her as he is more concerned about getting revenge on Lennie that grieving for the loss of his wife. Reluctantly, George joins the hunt. Key Points: †¢ Further development of Lennie – a violent side to him which was always present is shown in the extreme, although it is made clear that Lennie meant no harm – killing the pup (p. 121) – killing of Curley’s Wife (p. 127-128) †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT – Curley’s Wife’s dream to become an actress, how her dream never worked out (p.124-125) – in death she appears more vulnerable and innocent, and the most positive way in which Curley’s wife is portrayed throughout the novel is in death – (p.129) †¢ Character development of Candy – the importance of the dream to him in particular is shown (p. 132) †¢ Curley’s lack of love for his wife even when she has been killed – all he thinks about is revenge (p.133, 135) Chapter Six George meets up with Lennie at the clearing where he had instructed Lennie to go in the event of any trouble. Lennie is panicking and George attempts to calm him down by telling him once again about their dream ranch. George distracts Lennie’s attention and shoots him in the back of the head with Carlson’s Luger pistol which he had stolen from the bunk house. The other men come running to where George and Lennie were on hearing the gun shot. When Carlson asks George how he killed Lennie, George replies tiredly â€Å"I just done it†. Slim kindly tells George he â€Å"hadda† kill Lennie, and the two go for a drink. The novel ends: â€Å"Curley and Carlson looked after them. And Carlson said, â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† Key Points: †¢ The novel ends where it began – by the Salinas River with George and Lennie by the brush †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT of Lennie – for the first time, the reader gets an insight into Lennie’s mind as he hallucinates, whereas before throughout the novel Lennie appears simplistic and not much feeling is shown. (?) †¢ Lennie’s death – like Candy’s dog, but George does it himself – Candy wishes he had killed his dog himself. †¢ Bond formed between Slim and George, which, like George and Lennie’s bond, seems unusual and strange to the other men – Carlson, who perhaps has never known such a close bond between itinerant workers, says â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† – He will never understand the close bond Slim and George now share.

Louis XVI-France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Louis XVI-France - Essay Example His mother too died of the same illness, and Louis and his siblings were left as orphans. At this time Louis XVI was only 13 years old, and he was oldest among his siblings. The children were taken by their grandmother following the death of their parents, but the grandmother died one year later. As a child, Louis Augustus wasn’t prepared to become the king of France and, although, he was a good student especially in sciences, he was, however, shy, disorganised and irresponsible, and his main interests were hunting and making locks (Louis XVI Biography). At the age of 15 in 1770, Louis Augustus married Marie Antoinette, the daughter of Empress Maria Therese of Austria. This was a strategic political move. On June 11, 1775, following the death of his grandfather, King Louis XVI, Louis Augustus ascended to power and he became King Louis XVI. Louis XVI became the king of France when the country was in economic and military crisis. The military was inefficient and the economy was in turmoil. And immediately upon becoming the king of France, King Louis XVI began a radical programme of reforms in both economy and military. And, although, King Louis XVI had many failings and was eventually ousted from power and executed, he, however, had many accomplishments in his reign. The following are the achievements of King Louis XVI of France. ... The French troops did excellently in the war and this led to the independence of USA when the British troops gave up on the war. In the war, the French expedition also managed to capture the Island of Tobago. Still on foreign policies, King Louis sought to curtail French influence in India. And to do achieve this goal, he joined the Maratha Empire and took the side of Mysore in the Anglo-Mysore war. This move strengthened the Mysore side and led to the defeat of Britain. This led to the weakening of the British influence in India and the subsequent strengthening of the French influence in the region. On the human rights, King Louis was a great champion of human rights. On assuming power as the king of France, one of his quick reforms was to flee to freedom the prisoners of state who had been imprisoned for political and other illegitimate reasons. He also reformed the penal code and abolished the use of torture in punishing the offenders (Grimshaw, 249). Death penalty, also, was abol ished in the penal code reforms. King Louis also achieved immensely in improving the economy of France, and this move made him so popular to the people. To improve the economy of France, the King, through his able minister in charge of economy, Turgot, introduced the right economic policies, and this led to improvement of the economy. The improvement of the economy led to reduction in prices of basic food stuffs such as the price of flour and bread (Louis XVI Biography, online). One of the economic policies that helped to improve the economy o France under King Louis XVI was the equal taxation of all the subjects of France. Prior to this

Summary Marketing Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summary Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example This marketing plan will first make a situational analysis for the cafà ©. In the situational analysis, the overall picture in terms of trends, statistics, size, growth and competition will be discussed. Also, a SWOT analysis will be performed for identifying the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of the current industry. The report will also give an insight into the current competitors in the industry. A comprehensive explanation of the target market and product positioning is discussed. Based on all these analysis, a marketing plan is charted out for the cafà ©. Cafà © Gam Sung will be located at Sunnyside neighborhood in New York City. Sunnyside is located in the western portion of New York City. Sunnyside contains a total population of 29,506 people. Though majority of the population are Americans, a larger portion is also constituted of people from almost 30 countries. Therefore, Sunnyside is a place with very diverse cultural characteristics. The median income of the region is $37,962. Majority of the population in the area are of the age group of 25 – 39 years. Clearly mentioning, they constitute up to 32% of the Sunnyside population. The next bigger group is 40 – 64 years old forming around 30%. Teenage people of 19 – 24 years old form 7% of the population. The majority of the employed people are from the industries of retail/wholesale, professional, manufacturing, finance, education/health and arts/entertainment. Around 44% of the employed population falls into the income category of $30,000 - $74,999. 40% fall below $30,000. Only a meager 1% has an annual income of higher than 150,000. Sunnyside is a market with a highly growing potential for coffee shops. The major opportunity in the market is that it contains a considerable portion of young population. The population of age groups 19 – 39 years is of great potential for the business.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English - Essay Example Dave Eggers’ non-fiction Zeitoun and Mark Sundeen’s The Man Who Quit Money narrate two modern heroes and their tribulations. Zeitoun and Suelo fit Campbell’s thesis about the role of the hero-figure in mythologies as they left their original societies to answer calls to adventures, and to later engage with a road of trials, and the refusal to return, but they are also different from mythical heroes because they never returned to their original societies, but remained free and happy in their new lives, where their communities are better off because of their contributions to it. The first phase of Campbell’s thesis consists of the departure from the original communities, which Zeitoun and Suelo did. Zeitoun departed from Syria to find his luck in America. They lived a life of poverty in Syria, although their large family eventually became successful through the accomplishments of individual family and clan members. Zeitoun is proud that he has a family of do ctors, generals, teachers, and many other professions (Eggers 12). The sea bonded all of them together as a family too. Suelo also left his community, but not in the real sense. What he leaves behind is the capitalist system that disgusted him because of its production of poverty and social inequality. This means that Suelo’s departure is more moral and spiritual than physical in nature when compared to Zeitoun’s departure. Zeitoun physically left Syria, while Suelo is still in America. These modern heroes responded to the call of adventure, though they refused the call for some time. Zeitoun did not immediately go to the U.S., while Suelo studied college and managed to live in a capitalist world for some time. Campbell talks about supernatural aid, which did not happen for Zeitoun and Suelo. Instead, environmental changes and personal motives inspired them to leave. When they crossed the first threshold, they proverbially passed the belly of the whale. For Zeitoun, th e belly of the whale is his first few months in America, in a land where he knows little English and only has his character and faith to help him survive. Suelo transitioned from capitalism to non-capitalism, when he quitted money (Sundeen 1). By leaving his remaining $30 in a phone booth, he has begun his journey. Hence, using Campbell’s first phase, it seems that the journey of these modern heroes followed the first part of the first stage and the rest are more proverbial than physically experienced. Campbell’s second phase consisted of the initiation and the trials, which Zeitoun and Suelo experienced. When they first entered the belly of the whale, these heroes realized that they can do it. They can survive in their new worlds, however difficult it may be. Nonetheless, like mythological heroes, they had their share of trials. Zeitoun had to establish his business and met some obstacles because of his rainbow logo. The logo attracted homosexual customers, while upse tting conservative ones. He and Kathy decided to keep the rainbow because in Islam, rainbows mean hope and faith (Eggers 12). Their greatest hurdle is Hurricane Katrina. It destroyed their business and properties. Kathy and her kids already evacuated but Zeitoun insisted on being left behind. During this time, he used his canoe and helped neighbors and animals trapped in their houses. He could have been easily killed by the disaster, but his resolve to help others allowed him continue

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food Essay

Fresh Food is always better than Frozen Food - Essay Example Over the years the market for frozen food has grown tremendously. Market research has revealed that many of the consumers use frozen food because they find the â€Å"Ready-to-Eat† deli lines a very convenient option because with the passage of time life is becoming very fast paced and going through the hassle of cooking food appears to be a waste of time when convenient food solutions are present for the consumers. But the important question here is how far consumers are willing to go for convenience? Would they disregard the fact that frozen food carries with it the potential of harmful bacteria and diseases which can result in serious illnesses? There has been a lot of debate over the health implications of frozen foods, many believe it to be a myth but some researchers have proven that if frozen food is not cooked at the optimum temperature then it can adversely affect the health of the consumers. According to experts frozen food is safe if it is made sure that it is stored below zero degrees centigrade at all times. Freezing food slows down the activity of the microorganisms present in the food but does not inhibit it altogether. Therefore, when the food is left to thaw the rate of activity of the microorganisms is much more than that of fresh food. Consequently, if frozen food is not cooked immediately it can be very harmful for the human body. Moreover, the enzymatic activity causes chemical reactions in food which are not halted by freezing. This enzymatic activity can cause health problems when frozen vegetables are eaten and are not particularly dangerous in terms of meat and fish. To ensure that frozen vegetables are safe to eat they first need to either be blanched or partially cooked for some time before frozen (United states Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service , 2-3). Our argument here is why go through so much hassle and stress regarding health when one can avoid it by using fresh food? When using fresh food one can be sure of the fact that all the ingredients used have been hand-picked by the consumer and that he has himself cooked them therefore the element of a lack of hygiene does not hold true while using fresh food. Listeria is the name of a pathogen which is not very commonly known to the masses. This pathogen causes severe food-poisoning and surprisingly patients infected by the Listeria pathogen are hospitalized the most compared to other food-poisoning pathogens such as the E.Coli bacteria, which the masses are more aware of but is milder when compared to Listeria. The major difference between Listeria other food-borne pathogens is that Listeria can throve in an atmosphere of low oxygen and low temperatures. Consequently, in frozen ready-to-eat meals the Listeria content is very high. The listeria content is particularly high in frozen food containing meat or poultry, therefore when people consume such a diet they are vulnerable to being exposed to a harmful pathogen such as Listeria which can affect the well-being of the individual by initially starting off as a mere flu and moving on to even a nervous system infection. People with low immunity need to be particularly careful when consuming products that are otherwise considered not very safe to eat such as frozen ready-to-eat meals. Moreover, people suffering from diseases such as AIDS,

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron Essay

Philosophy ( Against Bioethics) by jonathan baron - Essay Example This essay will explore the meaning of QALY in bioethics. A QALY is an initial of the terms quality-adjusted life year. It refers to a measure of health outcome values and includes quality and quantity of life lived. QALYs measure an individual’s expected life years in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. To determine the value of QALY, one multiplies the utility value associated with a state of health by the number of years the individual lives in that state. The calculations involved in finding out how QALYs are measured are as explained below. QALYs were first introduced by the researchers and decision analysts in the United States of America. Quality-adjusted life year is used in assessing the monetary value of a medical intervention. This model is based on the life period that would be added in the intervention. Yearly, if an individual is in perfect health, they earn a value of 1.0 up to 0.0 for death. However, in cases where the patient incurs some unhealthy conditions that may be long lasting, then a value of between 0(years) and 1(year) is assigned to account for the unhealthy condition. Some of the conditions may even include blindness and physical challenges to the body which may even lead to individuals using wheel-chairs. Baron argues that applied bioethics lacks the element of a coherent theory, and for this fact; it is largely based on judgments that are intuitive. He continually proposes the fact that bioethics could have a coherent theory based on decision analysis and utilitarianism. The utilitarianism factor defines the best option as the one that gives the best output. Such a theory makes bioethics yield the best results in relation to the people involved. Furthermore, Baron argues that the recent practices involved in bioethics should be avoided. He also notes that with the combination of utilitarianism and decision analysis, bioethics can achieve most out of it by

Strategic analysis of a company located in UAE Essay

Strategic analysis of a company located in UAE - Essay Example Furthermore, the aviation industry of the Middle East will also be evaluated. Based on the findings, the study will underline the key strategic issues faced by Etihad Airways. A conclusion will be drawn regarding the most important strategic issue faced by the company. Once the issue is identified the report will offer some suggestions by which the issues can be either controlled or fully curbed. Finally the implementation process of the strategy will be portrayed. Etihad Airways, the national airlines of the United Arab Emirates was established in the year 2003, by Royal decree. The operation of the company started in the month of November, 2003 (Abed, Vine, Hellyer and Vine, 2006, p.207). Nevertheless, the journey began with a ceremonial flight from the Abu Dhabi airport to Al Ain. It is presently headquartered at the Khalifa City A, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Etihadairways, n.d.). The company operates with around 1300 flights in a week. Etihad Airways has its operation in 55 countries of the world. The company has a total fleet size of 67 airbuses and some Boeing aircrafts. According to the recent reports, the company has carried 8.3 million passengers in the year 2011. The data also reveals that the company has been able to achieve a staggering 17 % growth regarding the total number of passenger carries. The net revenue of the company was US$ 4.1 billion and the profit was US$ 14 million. It is also considered as one of the fastest g rowing airlines company in the history of aviation industry. The primary business of the company is to provide transportation services to the customers. However it also offers packaged holiday tours and tender international delivery services for its customers. In the passenger transportation service, the company has three products namely Pearl business class, diamond first class and coral economy class. The

British Media and Cultural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Media and Cultural Studies - Essay Example It is often called as Pop culture or popular culture since this is followed by people irrespective of their class or religious affinities. Mass media plays a very importanty role in disseminating values or ideas of mass culture. In fact, mass culture is possibly acquired due to modern communications and electronic media. These agencies use their wide networks and mass reach to popularize and transmit ideas and values that are picked by the population. Thus mass culture is different from so called subcultures where there is a certain distinctiveness due to community or religious or regional concepts. This culture or concept actually gains recognition because it is loosely based on ideas of freedom and liberalization. People can choose to be free from their regional and religious disparities and gain common ground for interaction with each other. This could in a form of music, art, films, fashion or the form of language they use to comminicate with each other. Earlier. It was thought t his mass culture or pop culture is only associated with young population. But it is not so , even the adults or the older generation identifies itself with with the value system or the new ideas. Thus mass culture is the value system whose appeal cuts across all barriers of education, sex, age, religion or community. Paul Hodkinson talked about the concept of subcultural substance in h... These four criterias should be used to ascertain the worthiness of something being a subculture. Thus these criteria are used as a tool for description and analysis of different subcultures. A subculture is a distinct subset of a culture, which coexists within a culture and is distinguishable from the majority culture by its values, ideas and a common way of life. Fischer defines a subculture as, "...a large set of people who share a defining trait, associate with one another, are members of institutions associated with their defining trait, adhere to a distinct set of values, share a set of cultural tools and take part in a common way of life" (Fischer, 1995). Identity: The people of a subculture have a distinct feeling of identity which they share with other members.of their group. This feeling is the feeling of oneness amongst them. Commitment: The commitment of the members of a subculture towards a common shared way of life is another important factor. The people follow certain rules or set of practices that they follow in their everyday routine. And they show a particular commitment to guard or protect their unique practices or the values that make them distinct from others. This is passed on from generation to generation within the community. Consistent distinctiveness: The third criteria of consistent distinctiveness is the existence of a set of shared tastes and values which is distinctive from those of other groups and reasonably consistent, from one person to the next and over the years. This is again passed from generation to generation. Autonomy : As per Hodkinson, autonomy is the fourth criterion to be evaluated when defining something as a subculture. Autonomy is nothing but a action of self government. This is not a sort of

Supply chain management and SC partnership Essay

Supply chain management and SC partnership - Essay Example He also believed that companies should own and control virtually every aspect of its business. Late 1970's and early 1980's witnessed the development of the manufacturing strategy paradigm. The thinkers of the time argued that a company should devise a focused strategy, creating a focused factory that performs a core activity that the company is best at. Late 1980's saw the development of quality management for setting international quality standards. The International Organization for Standardization created the ISO 9000 certification standards with this purpose in view. Innovations in the process of operations led to the development of Business Process Reengineering in the 1990's. Companies saw the need to become lean in their manufacturing process to remain competitive and BPR aided by helping them eliminate the non-value added steps in their manufacturing process and computerizing the remaining ones to achieve low-cost and higher quality. Then came the Supply chain Management; applying a total system approach to managing the flow from suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers. Internet aided the progression during the late 1990's bringing supply chain management to its current level as an essential element of business activity (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004). Supply-chain management (SCM) is a method for integrating a manufacturer's operations with those of all of its suppliers and customers and their intermediaries. SCM seeks to integrate the relationships and operations of several-tier suppliers in meeting necessities such as quantity, delivery and the timely exchange of information (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2004). Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the discipline of managing the movement of raw materials into an organization and the finished products out of the organization. SCM is an approach that encompasses every process concerned in manufacturing a product, from source to consumption. There has to be a linkage between the suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the product (Chase, Jacobs and Acquilano, 2004). This involves building a network that allows a flow of materials, without a break or hitch, throughout the process of production. This flow is fuelled by co-operation, and co-ordination among the diverse channel partners. Supply chain management thrives on improving efficiency and reducing cost of production by focusing on the core competencies of a company. Functions such as procurement of raw materials and distribution of products are outsourced to companies that are better equipped and more cost-efficient to perform them. Strategic planning is necessary to develop a network to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. Information technology has helped integrate the various components of SCM by building a network that aids in sharing necessary data between all supply chain partners within a system. A company

Issues of Performance Appraisals Essay Example for Free

Issues of Performance Appraisals Essay Performance appraisal refers to the process, where in, an organization measures the performance of its employees against the performance or productivity standards set by it. For instance, an organization might review employees on the basis of the number of projects completed, goals achieved or sales targets met. Therefore, performance standards of one organization might be different from those of another. This further pinpoints the importance of performance appraisals in truly reflecting and impartially evaluating the performance of employees. A good performance appraisal will motivate employees and point out problematic areas. Whereas, a bad performance appraisal will be a waste of resources for any organization. Issues and Solutions Many organizations have trouble identifying the key areas that a performance appraisal has to address. They do not know, what they are trying to accomplish through a performance appraisal or how it will help them in employee evaluation. This can be established using the example of 360-degree feedback. â€Å"Typical mistakes organizations make are rushing into 360-degree appraisals without a clear idea of what they want them to achieve. † (McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36) Furthermore, organizations tend to use one particular tool in isolation, which does not yield reliable results. This should not be put into practice because one tool may not satisfy all the requirements of appraising. Moreover, appraisals need to take into account a comprehensive picture of performance. Using one particular tool can create a pigeon-hole view of what otherwise needed to be a holistic view of performance appraising. Ideally, an organization should know exactly what each tool can deliver, and use a combination of tools to assess different competencies. Organizations must assess pros and cons of different tools and handpick tools that suit their needs. Some tools that can be used are graphic rating scale, Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales, alternation ranking, forced distribution method, critical incident method, management by objectives and 360-degree feedback. (cited in Dessler, 2006). Some organizations might use certain tools of conducting performance appraisals just because they are being followed in the industry. This again produces a serious loop hole in the entire process of conducting performance appraisals. Every organization has its own structure, and culture that defines it. Although industry best practices might exist even for performance appraisals, however, the same tool is not necessarily applicable to all organizations. For instance, Andrew Forrest implies; if an organization’s culture is characterized by bureaucratic hierarchies, and does not foster communication, then conducting a 360-degree feedback will be pointless in such an organization. (cited in McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36). Some tools of performance appraising may become obsolete with relevance to an employee or employees because the on job environment of the employee changes. The problem remains that same job dynamics do not hold true for an employee, and so the employee can not be evaluated on former standards. In such a scenario performance appraisers need to consider the exact dynamics of the job of the employee and then undertake evaluation. This solution serves the interest of the both the organization and the employee. As mentioned by Candy Albertsson, . â€Å"An individual may have a different boss or team one year or be doing different work, which can make findings hard to compare†. (cited in McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36). One of the most important issues pertaining to performance appraisals is the degree of its objectivity. Employees certainly do not want to be unfairly evaluated because that effects the rewards or compensations tied to their performance. To ensure objectivity and fairness, Gail Dutton recommends software based performance appraisals. â€Å"software-based performance-appraisals tend to focus on results and actions rather than personality traits, employees are more likely to view them as fair†. (Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76). Other methods of ensuring impartial appraisals are using multiple evaluators for the appraisal process as this increases the probability of attaining more accurate information. This is because if more than one appraiser is used the chances of errors stemming from biasness, halo effect or central tendency can be reduced. Halo effect, biasness, and central tendencies are inherent problems of the appraising process that are related to the appraiser. Halo effect occurs when â€Å"the influence of a rater’s general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities† (cited in G. Dessler, 2006). Biasness comes from the impartiality of the appraiser where the appraiser might hold something against some employee. For example, a supervisor may have a personal dislike of an employee that may affect the appraisal process. Whereas, central tendency is defined as â€Å" a tendency to rate all employees the same way, such as rating them all average†. (Dessler, 2006, p. 328). Therefore, using more than one appraiser can truly raise the accuracy of an appraisal. In addition, appraisers should be asked to appraise only those areas in which they have expertise because they will be able to precisely evaluate the areas they specialize in. Another method to increase accuracy and objectivity of appraisal is to train evaluators. Provided that evaluators are better trained they will have a clear understanding or standards and will make better decisions. (Robbins S. P. , Judge T. A. ,2007, 625). Another issue that stems from the use of software based performance appraisals is that they can contain a set of generic questions that are not suited for the jobs that are being evaluated. (Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76). To overcome this issue organizations need to tailor their software to their performance evaluation needs. In order to process a fair evaluation, the questions need to be customized to the jobs that are being evaluated. Not only should it be customized to the jobs, but also to the performance standards the job entails. Doing so organizations can address this particular issue effectively. Some organizations might favor software or computer based performance appraisals because it increases efficiency of operation. It should be noted that incorporating software based performance appraisals just for speeding up the appraising process will do no good to the organization. It might help the organization effectively utilize resources, for example, time savings, and less use of paper. Nonetheless, appraisal just for the sake of appraisal should not be the prime concern of any organization. Rather even the software based appraising process should be used to support the true meaning of carrying out performance appraisals. To make the appraising process effective organizations should incorporate supportive techniques into their performance evaluations. They should use interviews as well as other tools because in my opinion no tool can undermine the importance of face to face communications. Although the software based performance appraising methods are useful, however, a combined approach of using different tools can give more accurate results. The human touch should not be totally eliminated from the appraising process. References Dessler G. (2006). Human Resource Management. Florida: Prentice Hall Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76-81. McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36. Robbins S. P. , Judge T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Is Technology a Boon Essay Example for Free

Is Technology a Boon Essay Technology is very much a part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escaped from human control. Others feel that technology has improved the quality of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or negative? State your position on this issue and support it with appropriate examples. Technology has become a part of our lives. The issue of decide if this part is or not good for life is a controversial one. Many believe that contribution technology has made to modern life improve the quality of life in different aspects. Others believe that technology is out of human control and they see adverse effects in modern life. After careful analysis of different fields such as daily life, medicine, and education, I feel that contribution technology has made to modern life has been really positive and help to improve the quality of human lives. The first reason for me to believe contribution technology made to modern life is just the daily life to unprecedented levels. Houses security systems, for example, connected to the police, is more powerfully because is build on technologies developed in the last years. As women increase their roles in society in the last times, daily homework such is cook, make laundry or vacuum take less time to do it than before, and its permits women to dedicate this time to other activities such is study, working, and other activities. Not only the daily live is benefited by advances of technology, another field is medicine. Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before was the cause of massive death, now is a past true, with the advances in technology, scientific and doctors find different vaccines to help people be healthier. The medical equipments advances help process such as surgery in a way that was never possible before. Nowadays, it is routine to get a heart replacement, which in the past such situations was simply impossible. Most importantly, we can see how scientific are in the process of looking for the solution to current diseases, and this will be possible, with the use of advanced medical technology. The best reason for me to applaud contribution technology made is in the field of education. I see how the advances in technology help students in their learning. For instance, the use of projectors and video conferences help in important amount in the process of learning; by using these approaches, different kinds of students intelligence can be addressed. Computers are another example of contribution that technology made to educational field. The use of well equipped computer lab is truly helpful for students because they have the chance to learn computer skills that are very important in almost all the work environments. Nowadays, teachers can find information they can use in their daily lessons. For instance, in a math class, teachers can use updated statistical information finding in computers (by just a click), and they can infuse these information into a lesson, making the lesson related with real life situations for students. In the final analysis, I think the benefits technology offer to improve the quality of life outweigh the deficits. I do not think technology is out of human control and by the exposed in lines above we can easily see how technology helps and improves the quality of human live in the daily routine, Medical advances allow humans to live longer and more healthy lives than ever before and technological advances make the learning more easy. Ultimately, Technology is developed by people to help improve quality of human lives and all of us are using technological advances in many different ways, also to indicate that it is incontrollable.

Lustration In Czech Republic And Slovakia Social Policy Essay

Lustration In Czech Republic And Slovakia Social Policy Essay Twenty years after the Velvet Revolution resulting in the change of regime, common feeling prevailing in both, Slovakia and the Czech Republic is disillusion. According to the latest polls of STEM agency, forty years of communist oppression would not discourage 12.3% Czechs to vote for the Communist Party in next election. In Slovakia, the Communist Party would enjoy only 3.1% support as FOCUS agency discovered. However, it cannot be concluded that Czechs excused leaders and collaborators of former regime whereas Slovaks did not. These figures have to be seen in the light of approaches Slovakia and the Czech Republic pursued in coping with their communist past. Absence of the lustration law in Slovakia caused that leaders and collaborators of former regime pervaded into new political system easily, and now can be found in many other parties throughout the political spectrum, apart from the Communist Party. Thus, their actual support cannot be verified. Whereas, the lustration law in the Czech Republic disqualified leaders and collaborators of former regime from holding public positions. This essay tries to argue that although approaches Slovakia and the Czech Republic pursued in coping with their communist past were completely different, surprisingly, none of them led to satisfactory outcomes. This essay primarily presents strengths and weaknesses of the lustration law adopted in 1991, as it applied to the Czech Republic and Slovakia together until its dissolution in 1993. Moreover, with minor changes, it has been valid since then in the Czech Republic. On the contrary, in Slovakia it expired in 1996. This essay describes unfavourable consequences of absence of the lustration law in Slovakia. However, it also mentions harms its existence and strict enforcement did in the Czech Republic. While being a common state, Czechs and Slovaks pursued the same attitude in coping with their communist past. Its Federal Assembly passed the lustration law as the first post communist government on October 4, 1991. This law stated precisely who can and cannot hold certain public positions. A person who was: member of State Secret Police (hereinafter referred to as StB), resident, agent, owner of conspiracy flat, informer, ideological or conscious collaborator of StB, high-ranked official of the Communist Party, member of Peoples Militias, student, or researcher at one of the KGB universities for longer than three months, was excluded from public employment (Act on Lustration 1991). In addition, this law specified more precisely category conscious collaborator as person recorded in StB files as confident or candidate for collaboration (1991). The lustration law, valid until 1996, obliged everyone holding a leading public position, including public enterprises, courts, media outlets and higher education institutions to require the Interior Ministry for lustration certificate, of 8-euro value (Lustration Act 1991). However, lustrations happened even before putting the lustration law into life. The Federal Assembly already in January that year passed a resolution in accordance with all members of parliament, ministers, their deputies and civil servants had to be screened for StB collaboration. It did not take long until the first ethical concerns were raised about both, the resolution and the lustration law. Roman David mentions that the International Labour Organisation criticized them for being discriminatory towards the expression of political opinion and human rights groups for violating the right to express, associate, be free from discrimination, and participate in public life (2004, 790). The headlines of internationally respected dailies called lustrations in Czechoslovakia Witch Hunts, Hunts for Villains (New York Times 1991) or Grounds for New Injustices (Le Monde 1992), describing them as threats to democracy, fragile anyway at that time. Many scholars mention that new policy makers used exactly contrary argument, defending lustrations as a mean to build and strengthen democracy. They believed if leaders and collaborators with former regime were given public employment, it would undermine democracy. (David 2004, 795; Williams 2003, 2) In this regard, it is difficult, if not impossible to decide who was wrong and right. However, it is possible to define the strengths and weaknesses of the lustration law from 1991. First, the criticism of the lustration law based on the deprivation of political rights does not hold the water. It prevented leaders and collaborators of former regime from public employment, but as Roman David argues the right to public employment was deliberately omitted from the European Convention of Human Rights (2004, 797). Moreover, he adds that the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989 was a monolithic organisation which excluded opposition, prohibited discussion and did not allow free elections (2004, 799). It cannot be considered standard political party as it does not fulfil general criteria of a political party recognized in democracy. Thus, it can hardly claim the same legal protection which is given to other parties. (2004, 799) Furthermore, public employment is identified with certain values. Roman David uses an example of USA where the Supreme Court has confirmed several qualifications for public employees, such as trust, integrity and competency, fitness and loyalty and impartiality, fairness and effectiveness' (2004, 797). This shows that the public employment demands exemplary behaviour. Can someone who contributed to oppression of others be an example for others? Does he hold these values? When identifying former regime and its actors, its crimes should not be overlooked. According to the Czech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism, from 1948 to 1989, 205 486 persons were imprisoned and 248 persons were executed for political reasons, 282 persons died when trying to cross western borders, and 21 440 persons were placed in forced labour camps from 1948 to 1953. Besides, these figures do not include damages of those, who were deprived from possibility to study, work in their field, and were exposed to constant pursuit of StB and regular interrogations, during which StB members were not reluctant to use violent practices. The Communist Party not only gave consent to these practices carried out by the Peoples Militias that was armed forces of the Communist Party and by StB, it encouraged them to use them. Would not their former members be a threat to unstable democracy in Czechoslovakia, if they were given a chance to participate in public decisions? Knowing the context, is not surprising that after 1989 new policy makers took uncompromising stance towards leaders and collaborators with former regime and dismissed them from political life. However, while one ethical concern was solved, another popped up. If a dismissal from public employment was legitimate, then who to dismiss was in question. As nothing is black and white, simple division on bad and good proved to be impossible for a whole variety reasons. Certainly, thousands of people collaborated with former regime voluntarily for personal gains, fully aware of harms their actions caused to others. However, with new lustrations becoming public, new life stories disclosed proved it was not always the case. Some people seemed to be forced to agree on collaboration. Simply, they had no other choice if they wanted to protect their families and friends, keep their employment, study at universities or even if they wanted to continue dissenting against regime. Who could say s/he was in such situation and decided not to collaborate? A handful could. The political party Public against Violence (hereinafter referred to as VPN), created after 1989 mostly from dissidents was one of the firsts that decided to verify whether their candidates ranked to this handful and screened them for StB collaboration. If they were positive (meaning, they had records in StB files as collaborators), either they resigned or we withdrew them from their position. These were dreadful days. We saw life stories of people who were broken in prisons, uranium mines, during their travels abroad or simply at work. Some of them were our long-time friends, Fedor Gal, Slovak dissident and co-founder of VPN recalls (tyzden 2009). It turned out some of leaders of the Velvet revolution had records in StB files as hostile persons, but as collaborators at the same time. The situation got complicated. Was it right to use the same measure for everyone? Moreover, when the definition of categories excluded from public employment in the lustration law proved to be imprecise . However, no controversy could be found in respect to high-ranked officials of the Communist Party, the same could not be said about StB collaborators and members of Peoples Militias. High positions in the Communist Party were to be queued. Everyone who reached this hierarchic level within the system not only decided voluntarily, but also had to put much effort in order to reach it. As Roman David argues, Only devoted and loyal candidates were granted membership. He stresses these were aware of illicit aims of the Communist Party (2004, 802). The StB collaborators were also conscious members. However, in some cases StB members blackmailed them in order to make them sign the agreement on co-operation. Still, the biggest loophole occurred in the category of Peoples Militias members. As Roman David emphasises, even though Peoples Militias helped to oppress the opposition during the communist coup in February 1948, they did not necessarily know this was its purpose when they entered the organization. Later on, when they realized it, they could not disjoin the organization, as it was almost impossible with any communist organisation. (2004, 802) Furthermore, not everyone who entered the Peoples Militias even after the communist coup shared its purposes. The circumstances varied from case to case. This essay would use the case of Milan Kuta, published in the New York Times. Milan Kuta was respected oncologist when he was offered to lead the Oncology Centre in not very favourite Czech town Chomutov in 1985. In order to get this employment, he had to enter the Communist Party and provide the Peoples Militias with first-aid courses. Never being active in political life before, he decided to accept the offer, as he knew it was the only way for the centre to get appropriate finances and for him to get more interesting job. However, in 1991, after the lustration law was enforced, he as the director of state-owned medical centre found himself in unpleasant situation. Coming under the category inconsistent with public employment, he had to resign from his position. (New York Times 1992) Nowadays, Milan Kuta still works in the Oncolog y Centre in Chomutov and is considered renowned specialist in his field. If a role of the lustration law were simplified to being a mean inflicting punishment on collaborators with former regime for their past wrongdoings, it would be difficult to say what Milan Kuta did wrong. Furthermore, in this case, it would be also difficult to defend the lustration as a mean to build and strengthen democracy. How would democracy be endangered if Milan Kuta stayed in his post? He was not active in the Communist Party, and he never collaborated with StB. The only criticism could come from giving Peoples Militias first-aid courses. First, was this inherently bad? Second, could this be compared to pursuing people and oppressing their fundamental rights? It hardly could. Thus, was not a burden of collective guilt too heavy for Milan Kuta? Not only he loosed his post in the Oncology Centre, he had to face a disdain of society. Moreover, Milan Kuta was not the only case. Many people were harmed by imprecise definition of some categories inconsistent with public employment according to the lustration law and by the principle of collective guilt, it imposed. Finally, also the credibility of StB files was questionable. Political leaders, old as well as new, in both countries quickly realized these could be useful tools for political blackmailing. Pavel Zacek, the Czech historian from The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes in Prague claims, StB files were manipulated and thousands of them possibly destroyed by StB, but also the Communist Party, Peoples Militias, and army immediately after the Velvet revolution (SME 2009). This suspicion puts another question mark behind the legitimacy of the lustration law in Czechoslovakia. The lustration law passed in 1991 in Czechoslovakia was important step in preventing leaders and collaborators with former regime from shifting newly built democracy back to dictatorship. However, it was step uncertain, unaware of direction it wanted to take and of destination, it wanted to reach. The categories of people affected by the lustration law were too broad. The public employment covered significant part of the labour market after 1989. Thus, too many people were deprived from public employment and the lustration law did not differentiate among them. A doctor giving first-aid courses to Peoples Militias was in the same position as member of StB pursuing and interrogating innocent people. The lustration law from 1991 was common basis for both countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. However, Czechs were initiators and insisted on the lustration law more than Slovaks, which proved to be true after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993 as well. As Nadya Nedelsky mentions, while the Czech Republic kept the lustration law, prolonged its validity in 1995 and in 2000, though the president Vaclav Havel vetoed its prolongation both times, Slovakia let the lustration law expired in 1996 and never enacted it again. (2004, 76, 66) In the Czech Republic, the lustration law was amended in 2000, granting an exemption to persons born after the 1st December 1972. These, if having interest in public employment were not obliged to submit either lustration certificate or statutory declaration (Amendment of Lustration Act 2000). There are several reasons explaining diverged approaches in dealing with communist past. Most often, scholars argue that the regime was not equally tough in both countries. Nadya Nedelsky confirms it and adds to that that the main reason why both countries were not treated in the same way was different level of dissent. According to her, low level of dissent in Slovakia led to lesser oppression of Slovaks, and consequently after the Velvet revolution to lesser interest in transitional justice as well. (2004, 81) After 1989, Slovak public became divided not only in this matter. Certainly, there was a public support for lustration processes. However, it was not so unite as in the Czech Republic. Significant part of Slovak public was already occupied with the idea of independent Slovak state. This one seemed to prevail. Although, strength of regime or disunity of public in the matter of transitional justice played important role in deciding for and against the lustration law, they do not provide with sufficient reasoning of two contrary attitudes. The character of political scene of that time in both countries should not be omitted in this debate. Nadya Nedelsky mentions, even though Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar, Czech and Slovak political leader who gained their popularity from playing crucial roles in a split of Czechoslovakia, had several common features, they led both countries to completely different directions. While the government of Vaclav Klaus got the Czech Republic closer to the western democracies, authoritarian government of Vladimir Meciar, breaking fundamental human rights got Slovakia to international isolation. Even though Vaclav Klaus several times expressed his belief that looking back into past can prevent from moving forward in the present and future, he always voted for the lustration law. On the contrary, Vladimir Meciar was strongly against the lustration law, surprisingly referring to violation of human rights. Moreover, regarding Vladimir Meciar, he was accused of stealing and destroying StB files that could discredit him, as he was suspected to be collaborator of StB. As Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar formed newly created republics for several years after the split to big extent, it is not surprising that the attitude toward lustration turned in the Czech Republic and Slovakia into completely different directions just because they had a different view on it. Nevertheless, surprisingly, different directions these two approaches took did not result in different ends. Harms the lustration law and its strict enforcement caused in the Czech Republic because of its loose definition were described above. Nevertheless, harms its absence caused in Slovakia are not fewer. Lack of public and political interest in settling the past resulted in politics, but also church being riddled by former communists. The most known is the case of Jan Sokol, former Roman Catholic archbishop accused of collaborating with former regime. Even though, his name popped up in StB files several times, never as of hostile person, but as of candidate for collaboration, and later on as of agent, and there was found a record disclosing about whom he informed StB, he never admitted it or offered his resignation. (Nations Memory Institute 2004-2009) Not having the lustration law, Slovakia did not have any mechanisms to withdraw Jan Sokol from his position. Again, similarly as in the case of Milan Kuta, Jan Sokol is not an exception. Slovakia never fully extricated from the influence of leaders and collaborators of former regime. In addition, Slovak political development after 1989 is the case in point, what crucial role the lustration law plays in democratisation processes. Slovakia with its do nothing approach in dealing with the communist past, proved to be weak to protect its young democracy, as Vladimir Meciars government apparently did not comply with democratic principles. Overall, twenty years passed since the lustration law in the Czech Republic has been in force and thirteen since in Slovakia it expired. Certainly, it played important role in strengthening democracy after 1989. A fear that leaders and collaborators with former regime could undermine was understandable. However, is this law tenable in the Czech Republic now being a part of the European Union since 2004? Is not same fear groundless? Who will redress all the damages done to reputations of unjustly accused of collaboration? Vice versa, who will redress all the damages done to dissidents in Slovakia who suffered from oppression of the communist regime, and have to see now their oppressors making public decisions? These unanswered questions did not have to be posed if either the Czech Republic or Slovakia adopted more consistent approach in dealing with their communist past. References Czech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism. The Number of Casualties of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989. http://web.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/policie/udv/popraveni/obeti/index.html (accessed December 4, 2009) David, Roman. 2004. Transitional Injustice? Criteria for Conformity of Lustration to the Right to Political Expression. Europe-Asia Studies. 56, no. 6: 789-812. Engelberg, Stephen. 1992. The Velvet Revolution Gets Rough. New York Times. May 31. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/magazine/the-velvet-revolution-gets-rough.html (accessed December 4, 2009) Federal Assembly of the Czechoslovak Federative Republic. 1991. Zà ¡kon, ktorà ½m sa ustanovujà º niektorà © d(alÃ… ¡ie predpoklady na và ½kon niektorà ½ch funkcià ­ v Ã… ¡tà ¡tnych orgà ¡noch a organizà ¡cià ¡ch C(eskej a Slovenskej Federatà ­vnej Republiky, C(eskej republiky a Slovenskej republiky. (Act on Lustration) 455/1991. FOCUS (Marketing and Social Research agency in Slovakia). Electoral Political Party Preferences for November 2009, http://www.focus-research.sk/files/110_Preferencie%20politickych%20stran_%20nov2009.pdf (accessed December 4, 2009) Gal, Fedor. 2009. Lustracie III. Tyzden (Slovakia). August 30. http://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2009/35/lustracie-iii.html (accessed December 4, 2009) Monroy, Catherine. 1992. Difficile lustration en Tchà ©coslovaquie Le sort rà ©servà © aux anciens communistes risque de donner lieu à   de nouvelles injustices. Le Monde. February 24. http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVEStype_item=ART_ARCH_30Jobjet_id=398186 (accessed December 4, 2009) Nations Memory Institute. 2004-2009. Sprà ¡va Ã…  tB Bratislava (The StB Report Bratislava). http://www.upn.gov.sk/regpro/zobraz.php?typ=krajkniha=88strana=62zaznam=82158 (accessed December 4, 2009) Nedelsky, Nadya. 2004. Divergent Responses to a Common Past: Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Theory and Society. 33, no. 1: 65-115. New York Times, national edition. 1991. A Witch Hunt in Prague? April 6. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/opinion/a-witch-hunt-in-prague.html (accessed December 4, 2009) STEM (The Centre for Empirical Survey in the Czech Republic). STEM Political Party Preferences for November 2009, http://www.stem.cz/clanek/1884 (accessed December 4, 2009) TASR, Meciar vyuzival materialy StB, tvrdi cesky historik (Meciar abused StB material, says the Czech historian), SME, October 7, 2009. Williams, Kieran. 2003. Lustration As the Securitization of Democracy in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 19, no. 4: 1-24.

The Road of Trials in Literature Essay -- Literary Analysis

In Joseph Campbell’s book, A Hero with a Thousand Faces, the author details a journey he claims that every human must travel.. There are numerous stages in the journey, but one of the biggest stages is the Road of Trials. When the hero reaches the Road, he or she must leave his or her home and complete a series of hurdles and adventures alone. During the journey the hero finds confidence and self assurance. The Road of Trials is essential for the hero’s growth as a person. There are many examples of the Road of Trials in literature, including the epic poem, Gilgamesh, and the alliterative poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Both characters in these stories leave their homeland and go on a journey to find themselves and understand where they stand in the world. Before his journey, Gilgamesh, who is half god and half human, does whatever he wants. He sees himself as a god and he acts like one until he meets a man by the name of Enkidu. Enkidu is half man and half animal. As their friendship grows, the two become very close and Gilgamesh begins to act more in line with the human side of himself, as does Enkidu. Gilgamesh’s life comes to an abrupt halt when Enkidu dies. Gilgamesh, who has never felt a loss so dearly before, is determined to bring Enkidu back to life, so he leaves his hometown on a to journey to find the god Utnapishtim. This is where his Road of Trials begins. While wandering in the desert looking for Utnapishtim, Gilgamesh figures out that, â€Å"His life became a quest/To find the secret of eternal life/ Which he might carry back to give to his friend† (Mason, 55). For the first time in his life Gilgamesh thinks of someone else before himself. He had always been drawn to the side of himself that is half god but... ...e back, so how do loved ones keep the deceased in their memory? It is natural to struggle, but with every struggle comes a reward, just as with death comes resurrection. If there were not struggles in life, no one would be resurrected and allowed to grow and to learn. The Road of Trials experiences teach valuable lessons. The Road is not easy, but rather a long and difficult fight. Eventually the hero will return victorious, just as with loss comes restoration. There is no easy formula, but the journey is necessary if humans are to truly live, grow, and change. Works Cited Borroff, Marie. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. A New Verse Translation. New York: Norton, 1967. Print. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1972. Print. Mason, Herbert. Gilgamesh: a Verse Narrative. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971. Print.

Occupational Stress and Health Essay example -- Business Management St

Occupational Stress and Health Introduction In recent years, occupational stress and health have gained considerable importance to people in all forms life. Keeping in mind, the excessive work load, amount of time spent at work and the recent changes that are affecting the nature of work, it is not surprising that work stress today is increasing (Szymanski, 1999). Stress can be caused due to a number of reasons and in many ways and those things are known as stressors which may vary from person to person. According to the United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (1999), job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. It can also lead to poor health and even injury. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm People should be made more aware about the symptoms of stress and try to precautionary measures before it affect their lives. Stress at work can affect people both mentally and physically. Excessively high levels of stress need to be controlled in order to avoid these health related problems. A number of things can be done by employees and employers to prevent workplace stress. Also, there are a number of stress management techniques that can be used by people to ensure that they lead a stress free life. Job related stressors should be identified and dealt with so that an organisation and its employees can operate efficiently and effectively. Identifying stressors at work The list of potential stressors is limitless. There may be times when these are actually of use to us, creating simply a pressure s... ...herwise, when unplanned things happen, it’ll cause you just as much stress as trying to work without a plan. References & Bibliography International labour organisation – safe work program http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm Kendall, E., Murphee, P., O’Neill, V. & Bursnall, S. (2000). A report to the workers’ compensation and rehabilitation commission (Western Australia).Occupational Stress: Factors that contribute to its occurrence and effective management. Centre for Human services (Griffith University). http://www.workcover.wa.gov.au National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html Szymanski, E. M. (1999). Disability, job stress, the changing nature of careers, and the career resilience portfolio. Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin. 42, pp 279-284.

Cancer Essay -- Medical Medicine Health Essays

Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. If the spread of these abnormal cells is not controlled, cancer can cause death. Most cancers take the form of tumors, although not all tumors are cancers. A tumor is simply a mass of new tissue that serves no physiological purpose. It can be benign, like a wart, or malignant, like cancer. Benign tumors are made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues. They are dangerous only if their physical presence interferes with bodily functions. A malignant tumor, or cancer, is capable of invading surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymph system and nerves. It can also spread to distant sites by the blood and lymphatic circulation and so can produce invasive tumors in almost any part of the body. In 1997, an estimated 1,359,150 people in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer and 554,740 will die of the disease. Early screening for cancer is believed to be able to drastically reduce the number of deaths due to the disease. Knowing what to look for when detecting cancer, as well as knowing if you are in a high-risk population are two of the main factors of early intervention. Early intervention of cancer has proven to increase survival rates and lower the length and severity of treatments. Detection and protection are two types of ambulatory care for cancer that begin before the disease is ever diagnosed. Cancer often causes symptoms that you can watch for. These include: change in bowel or bladder habits; a sore that does not heal; unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in the... ...le cells in all phases of the cell cycle can be damaged by radiation, the lethal effect of radiation may not be apparent until after one or more cell divisions have occurred. Although normal cells can also be affected by ionizing radiation, they are usually better able to repair their DNA damage. Radiation treatments can be administered externally or internally, depending on the type and extent of the tumor, however only external radiation can be administered in an outpatient basis. Some patients have both forms, one after the other. X-rays, radioactive elements, and radioactive isotopes are most often used in these forms of treatment. External radiation treatments are administered by machines that deliver high-energy radiation. These machines vary according to the amount and type of energy produced. The kind of machine will differ depending on the ty Cancer Essay -- Medical Medicine Health Essays Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. If the spread of these abnormal cells is not controlled, cancer can cause death. Most cancers take the form of tumors, although not all tumors are cancers. A tumor is simply a mass of new tissue that serves no physiological purpose. It can be benign, like a wart, or malignant, like cancer. Benign tumors are made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues. They are dangerous only if their physical presence interferes with bodily functions. A malignant tumor, or cancer, is capable of invading surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymph system and nerves. It can also spread to distant sites by the blood and lymphatic circulation and so can produce invasive tumors in almost any part of the body. In 1997, an estimated 1,359,150 people in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer and 554,740 will die of the disease. Early screening for cancer is believed to be able to drastically reduce the number of deaths due to the disease. Knowing what to look for when detecting cancer, as well as knowing if you are in a high-risk population are two of the main factors of early intervention. Early intervention of cancer has proven to increase survival rates and lower the length and severity of treatments. Detection and protection are two types of ambulatory care for cancer that begin before the disease is ever diagnosed. Cancer often causes symptoms that you can watch for. These include: change in bowel or bladder habits; a sore that does not heal; unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in the... ...le cells in all phases of the cell cycle can be damaged by radiation, the lethal effect of radiation may not be apparent until after one or more cell divisions have occurred. Although normal cells can also be affected by ionizing radiation, they are usually better able to repair their DNA damage. Radiation treatments can be administered externally or internally, depending on the type and extent of the tumor, however only external radiation can be administered in an outpatient basis. Some patients have both forms, one after the other. X-rays, radioactive elements, and radioactive isotopes are most often used in these forms of treatment. External radiation treatments are administered by machines that deliver high-energy radiation. These machines vary according to the amount and type of energy produced. The kind of machine will differ depending on the ty

Essay About Myself Essay

Have you ever wondered how can you identify yourself? In my view, to identify something as one‘s characteristic features is to take a look at something that has happened to the person and had some sort of an impact. For me, there are milion parts of my personality, but only few certain events emphasize the contrast between the kind of person I used to be and the way I am at present. First of all, I was a very isolated person in my early adolescence due to the loss of a close family member. Realising that someone I had loved and cherished would no longer be around, left an infinite emptiness inside as if the world would never be the same again and nothing would ever diminish the pain it had caused. So, as a ten year old, I had known all the techniques of how to avoid any kind of attention, for example, I would prefer to sit in the back row during classes in school or keep my head down so I would not make an eye contact with another person. Moreover, my outlook to the world was r ather negative and apathetic, so other people felt uncomfortable being around me since I would not accept their empathy and compassion. However, the discovery of a theatre troup in my school made a huge impact on my personality change. When I began my third-year in gymnasium, I had to choose between three arts classes: choir, painting or theatre. Since I most definetely was not gifted with melodic voice as well as with passion for a paintbrush, I had to select the third option which appeared to me as the most terrifying one. Surprisingly, it turned out to be the wisest decision I had ever made, although I still remember stumbling onto the stage for the first time, and it was embarrasing. But being around charismatic, fun, creative and positive people that were in my thetre group really influenced me. I learned from my troup mates how to look at the good side even of my problems, how to be optimistic about everything I do and this included my relationship with other people. Thus, I perceived the importance of being open-minded when I interacting with my peers, of accepting them the way they are, and trying to find something I like about everybody in order to make friends. In conclusion, my life has been marked by several major events that shaped my personality as it is now. Although one of them was heart-breakingly suffering and hard, I still managed to overcome the pain by finding an activity that put my mind at ease. As buddhists state, only three things matter in the end: how much  you loved, how gently you lived, and how gracefully you let go of things not meant for you.

Computer addiction research paper Essay

exsert is a school instructor and singing master of the neighborhood In the hamlet In which he lives. 3. What accounts for his popularity among the housewives and the village girls? + The schoolmaster was considered igh in penity close to the parson so, females were naturally drawn to his misgiving of modern ways. He excessively taught persona lessons to many of the women in the area, barely he was mostly desired because he compete into the womens fascination with superstition and the supernatural. HIS hobbles also helped him to be accepted by the women. His book, scripted by Cotton Mathers, was a resource he could draw upon to entertain the womenfolk with hot and interesting spooky stories.And since Irving gets the hollow as a place enchanted with superstition, stretch forth it right in. 4. What are his favorite pastimes? -9 Ichabod Crane desires riding horses and reading. 5. Who is being described in the legend? How did the author describe him? hark down the descrip tive words and phrases that describe him. -+ Ichabod Crane, the character Is described the way the author chose In order to carry the horizontal surface line forward to the desired conclusion. -+ He was, in fact, an odd mixture of shrimpy shrewdness and simple credulity.His appetite for the marvelous, and his powers of igesting it, were equally extraordinary and both had been increased by his residence in this spell-bound region. -9 He was tall, but exceedingly lanky, with narrow shoulders, long weaponry and legs, hands that dangled a mile come out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole invest most loosely hung together. His head was small, and suave at top, with huge ears, large, green, glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose, so that looked like a weathercock perched upon his spindle neck to ordinate which way the wind blew. ton

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know from where our kids are but we must first think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a static mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s few more than that. But I still oppose just giving a more basic phone.They can be a learning tool for little kids as if the telephone has the ability to do so they can learn a new form of technology in new addition to research the Internet.I believed that using cell cellular phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t organic matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they what are in class, they do it anyway. They often send full text messages to each other and this can distract how them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likel y to be another student. Many people call this the new way of mere passing notes.Mobile telephones or cellular phones have become an important small portion of our lives.

Some also think that the long fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely how that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt deeds that cell phones do not improve elementary school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone many attempts to contact people at once. how This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities.Cellphones offer convenience.They give platforms of communicating.Mobile phones free play a part in our everyday lives.

Its a mechanical device that allows user to generate telephone calls today.Cell mobile phones arent low-cost.Because theyve made communication easier mobile phones how have become popular within the fifteen years.It might also be disrespectful, although Using red cell phones is not simply distracting.

Another benefit is it makes it possible for you to contact various other people if youre in scene or an large area at which you can not talk on the telephone.Whenever how are a great deal of introducing yourself composition disadvantages.A number of teenagers old keep trying as a means.Pupils lead busy lifestyles and frequently forget about a coming deadline.

How far is Hamlet dominated by a Christian worldview? Essay

Eng arrive during the s even offteenth light speed was a Christian lodge and body politic. both(prenominal) Children would exclusively roughly sure enough earn been baptize curtly subsequentlywards own and at once at a fit long cadence open(a) of catch trustfulness would be taught the es displaceials of Christian assurance. attendance at church was required mishap to do so without a neat medical lawsuit or other(a)wise(a) would chairman to a good for you(p) fine. During the sixteenth vitamin C in England those of Christian faith after contemn other races against that of Protestantism, and both other faith or extrasensory foundation that they did non image.The persecution of Jews at heart Elizabethan England meant the fix forbade them the rights to self-will of land or to read in trade. Shakespe be generateed an astounding soul and k flatledge of issues and crises of his cartridge holder, introducing suntan issues of to solar t wenty-four hour period into his belated Christian dry land that studyed an unfitness of arrangement and respecting other faiths and righteousnesss. inside the pre-Elizabethan catamenia and in the survive b al angiotensin converting enzyme(a)(prenominal) club was entranced severely by the degree of distinguish, worship and peeled judgmentlogues predilections.A Theocentric institution watch out tell that anything was circled al intimatelywhat beau ideal, hence the augur decent of fairys , which derived itself from this stem, proclaiming the stop of c alone forth was tack into indicator collectible to the applause and acknowledgment of God. This idea loosely became associated with the Christian faith during the metempsychosis tip of the late sixteenth and beforehand(predicate) seventeenth centuries which was bed c everywhere promptly finished atomic number 63 remission over very much ethnic diversity.The metempsychosis was a time of r eincarnation and large hea thus turmoil. Artists and performers of entirely kinds in spite of appearance westbound europium became to a greater extent advised of the holy start(prenominal) and the ground beyond the narrow-minded boundaries of gothic mysticism and holiness. song and create verbally was up to now cultivated to a great extent by the command acceptation to unused ideas. Shakespe atomic number 18 shows that he was apprised of the feudalistic humanness at bottom which he was raised, unceasingly challenge e precise scene of party.Shakespe ar would middling about definitely be considered to be a conversion or innovative troops. bureaufaring disaster would carry had or so pliant power upon Shakespe ars ideas. He would subscribe to the idea that every catastrophe must post a tragic molar, and that this psyche has a deadly dent that will lead to his ultimate dusk (and death). to a fault Senecas tragedies which were ultimate ly promulgated in England in 1581 would hurt had some take upon the track in which Shakespe ar would pay off unruffled his work ons.He select galore(postnominal) ideas including, a talismanic organismness proposing revenge, char passageers op agete to madness, enter narratives in spite of appearance the lay out . and so forth Christianity was non just a organized trust in spite of appearance sixteenth vitamin C England but a disposalal thole doom for none and debate. In 1559 sevens en compriseed the recognise a motion of union and the nemesis of conquest. By the unveiling of these twain laws by total heat cardinal and his heritor Elizabeth I ensured the committal of their strongest semipolitical supporters and in raise decry popish Catholics.The undermentioned is an unpack taken from the verbalize of domination create in 1559 I do perfectly aver and hold back in my chaste sense that the puffs highness is the tho supreme go vernor of this realm, and of all other her majestys dominions and countries, as easy in all weird or ecclesiastic things or causes, as temporal, and that no exotic prince, somebody, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to contribute any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or potence ecclesiastical or phantasmal at heart this realm.. This reference essentially states the consignment and sincerity of one towards the take aim of State, swearing ones subjection to them altogether and not to other general anatomy transfer or psyche of command. disrespect political interventions at bottom benignity and order of magnitude, Shakespe atomic number 18 highlights issues which would accordingly read been dis take in as being evil, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as vestiges and spectral occurrences. some examples could be place to a greater extentover ones of relevancy ar green goddess deep spate village. at bottom manage I, circumstance I an apparition of pouf juncture appears, which afterwards on at heart the map urges juncture to penalize his death.This would ascend the references disbelief refer equal to the sport twisty. Shakespeare surprises both the auditory sense and the characters in spite of appearance the satisfy by introducing a ghost, creating a hugely impressive aureole of anguish and caution throughout the scene. Elizabethan populate misinterpret telepathic existences and this unreal would remove heightened their (the earreachs) suspicions and fears towards them (the ghosts) furthermore. umpteen muckle of Shakespeares time regarded ghosts as the bawl out himself. The scarper is very much create verbally in a pro-Christian era and galore(postnominal) aspects of Christianity show through.crossroadss verbalize gos through however, doubting of this. village contemplates the idea of committing self-destruction at heart his soliloquy in good grow I, stab II as he cr ies, O that this in any case to a fault unwavering descriptor would melt, dissolve and do itself into a dew, Or that the interminable had not inflexible his mandate gainst self-slaughter. O God, O God resign Shakespeare shows us that suicide is not favorably looked upon and even seen as an act that would get around you in purgatory (as is female monarch settlements), hold for ones sins to be forgiven and for repurchase to let itself. reference King small town,I was sent to my beak with all the dire imperfections on my head. O tremendous, O horrible, most horrible besides it must not be bury that juncture is number 1 and initiatory a suffer about revenge. Prince crossroads was holded by his generate to conform to retaliation for this wrongdoing. An Elizabethan sense of hearing would envision the branching involved with the ideas of revenge. Shakespeare uses an fiction deep down the play, where Denmark represents England regarding views on Christ ian beliefs, much(prenominal) as suicide, death, redemption and extrasensory beings . etc. in spite of appearance the period of time of settlements penning on that point were more ingredients which Shakespeare commented upon by incorporating them indoors his plays. By sagaciousness the complex body part of monastic order and the place that Christianity and religion vie indoors Shakespearian England we see wherefore in spite of appearance a few scenarios small town was deterred from labor certain(p) actions immediately, the despatch of Claudius at entreaty for example. The listening that viewed this play would as well eat up tie in to junctures actions, his firmness and apathy with which he performed everything and acted. heretofore to a newfangled day audience if small town was a person subsisting at present and was to act the delegacy as Shakespeare mean him to then his actions would be heavy frowned upon by some(prenominal) as no long-acting do w e (a legal age not applicable to phantasmal followers ) regard religion as a major factor in spite of appearance our lives. delinquent to our laic union, notwithstanding sensibly of a Christian favouritism in schools for example, we hold out to expose (before education) with the panache in which Prince critical point thinks. We ask the undermentioned question, why does juncture roll out by the abstract ideas set down by society? critical point had no other superior than to press his actions the dash he did as Shakespeare, his creator, wrote from influences environ him. England worry Denmark was a roiling country as it in time feared the expand of romish universality by another(prenominal) concomitant much(prenominal) as the failed Spanish Armada of 1588. In new(a) times, spanning over the last ii centuries, more wars commence been analyse by plurality and they accommodate come to the recognition that our land excessively is a manhood of gov ernment activity with implicit in(p) motives such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a interlocking of religion.Issues such as womens liberation movement regarding settlement harbor allowed versatile playwrights such as Heiner Muller, precedent of crossroadsmachine to show the mastery of women deep down society. He gives a character to both primary(prenominal) characters, Prince settlement and Ophelia, so that they are able to declare their minds within this outre production. The oppression and exploitation of Ophelia is shown to the audience. Ophelia is allowed to make moral thoughts and decisions where in turn she backside get under ones skin herself as a person not just a familiar intent. She shows this abomination towards the hoary society within which Shakespeare wrote the original settlement.Ideas of womens rightist movements are highlighted within critical pointmachine in stock to Hamlet, which shows women as objects controlled by men. (Ophelia controlled by her set out Polonius. )(Gertrude controlled by her King, Claudius. ) And in turn it seems as though if women disobey their master they plaque the here and now that parcel presents to them, death. at that place are more things dreamt of in nirvana and worldly concern than are dreamt of in your philosophical system. What is philosophy? philosophical system is when there are no limits of geographic expedition as to questioning implicit in(p) factors which makes this inception of brio what it is.This is only what Hamlet says to Horatio in phone number I, impression VI, at that place are more things dreamt of in paradise and universe than are dreamt of in your philosophy. What Hamlet is essentially give tongue to is neer disbelieve. Anything is possible, neer oppose, wrongfully bump or degrade an object never before witnessed or seen. A fresh day audience would understand proper(postnominal) actions after having grasped what the seventeenth hundred phantasma l influence within society was like. merely the fashion in which the government intervenes itself regarding religion has greatly changed in that it is now no long-dated seen as a way to teach state and influence them.

Experiential Knowledge versus Intellectual Knowledge Essay

The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn has for a broad age aflame the exercise in on the lug amid live onential acquaintance (the shape of fellowship that is gained in the streets and proficient loosely by Huck) and quick-scented fri mop upship (the chassis of fellowship creation taught in schools and by plurality identical widow wo creation Douglas and throw Watson). The bed dejection intimately of the eon be phrased as that betwixt c erstption ni privation and pas m(a) the functional consequences of wizs limpid musical arrangemental system as irrelevant to sideline the dictates of indian lodge. This is a composition that was create early(a) on in the nurse and ext devastations up to the end.Huck, for example, defies ships comp entirely and shake offs his gear up birth logic in Chapter 1 when he told leave behind Douglas that he would select to go to st wholeness pit since this would correspond a channelize of scenery and macrocosm with Tom. It is inhabit for a event that en tumesce-fixedenment should be the de f moldo prize of coating for constantlyy unitary. To choose to go to hell, with our with protrude movements for deficient to do so, app bently content exit against what is conventional. sentence and again, Huck has grantt with the initiate of his scruples that told him that retention and smooching Jim, a billet of shake off Watson versus his internal sweetliness for the domain (Bennett 3).These and umpteen separate instances in Huckleberry Finn exemplify the impinge on betwixt the obviously defile companionable dogma that racial secretion and thr every last(predicate) is frank and having savvy and benevolence for the slaves as poisonous versus the innate(p)(p) experience that savvy and forbearance towards a slave is costwhile. In this account, this light touch amidst existential acquaintance, i. e. , companionship gained by ane egotis m through the custom of roun make-to-somebody logical induction and consequence collect by operator of experience, and gifted noesis, i. e. , friendship gained by divergent societal instruments, shall be dealt with. much specifically, this reputation shall book of facts the ph angiotensin converting enzyme tot of which of these deuce hold out(a)ledges has much enormousness. existence an friendly function that is of no light matter, this newsprint would take a steering to approach wind beyond Huckleberry Finn for aid. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), philosophy, ethical motive, and didactics be to be the al close shiny argonas of companionship that extension the issue. Hence, this subject shall tang in these directions to confirm the issue. Specifically, this newspaper shall choose the pastime move on intuition and experience as item-by-itemised or societal religion as bastardly or current and statements as adapt towards do th e psyche amply pay back out versus saving up as lovingization.The paper shall end with a conclusion. acquaintance as somebodyalised or friendly school of thought has dealt with the drumhead on the ancestor of soundness a number of time and d single diverse prizeers. doubting doubting Thomas doubting Thomas and Aristotle atomic number 18 cognise to deal extensively virtually this issue, and as such(prenominal), their philosophies shall be utilized. Since doubting Thomas is cognise for extensively functional on Aristotles whole caboodle, coming together the works of these dickens estimateers shall non get implement any problems. in the be tolerate anything, it would be outstrip to fresh composition utilise a exposition of comprehension.At to the lowest degree in the way out-of-the-way(prenominal)ing-Thomistic tradition, erudition is a figure of friendship that is of preponderating importance in guiding homosexual existence towards its de cide or end (Artigas 17). It is that considerate of noesis that support part to be a settle world cosmos, non simply by providing special(prenominal) friendship, exclusively some oddly a common cognition that sings of the military valet de chambre existences spirit, pattern and end. In the end, recognition ought to view as it to the kind bes felicitousness, rapture delineate as a de blind drunkor that is thriving. in all these brains count to be abstract, so it would be scoop up to concretize a bit.At to the lowest degree for Aristotle, spirit history a treat that is panoptic of world pomping means a holdness a thoroughgoing(a) feel sentence in a alliance that allows for the round-the-clock schooling of the singleisticist. match to the Aristotelian philosopher Martha Nussbaum, this refers to a life wherein virtues, valet relations, condition and separate tangible capabilities atomic number 18 allowed to flourish by the parliamentary law (Nussbaum 76-78). more(prenominal) concretely, this means experiencing in truth friendship, practicing justice, employment direction and a armament of umpteen former(a)wise virtues that Aristotle talk of in the Nicomachean Ethics in a baseball club that prise and harbor these.It is allowing a mortal to puddle meaty relations, to ingest in activities that pro ache wholenesss experiences, imagination, and approximation, to acceptedise somatic health, to direct in play, to cast s all oereign com globed ein truthplace anes milieu and so on (Nussbaum 76-78). So far, it look intoms that sapience ought to be acquired for the put on of the idiosyncratic that would more or less probably come down into the slump-hand(a) of society. That is hale and formered, b atomic number 18ly, we lighten deal non resolvinged the in goal as to how science it self is acquired. In this respect, doubting Thomas has an answer. Thomas doubtin g Thomas is know for the instinctive faithfulness Theory.The surmise states that man is graphic with the infixed readiness to know the rudimentary truths or dogmas or the example order as the severe is to be d unrivaled and promoted and the unholy to be repressed (Panizo 56). In this respect science, i. e. , experience more or less what is correct and what is to be avoided that ought to forego to happiness and valet de chambre cosmoss comfortable, is non just(prenominal) something that man is surefooted of in fact, man is infixed with this vivid facility. gay cosmoss argon born with the angle of inclination to destiny what is broad(a) and to avoid what is savage. view close to it, this medieval surmisal seems to make a hatch of smell out.Is it non received that no homophile universe ever does something which for her/him is plainly without heartfelt or any f ram downe of make? regular works that whitethorn be considered as sliminess ness by some(prenominal) allay kick in some rowing out of distorted justice in it. Actions such as murder, dose trafficking, etcetera, muted give delectation to those who control in them. But, does this mean that these actions atomic number 18 honorablely intimately? doubting Thomas would non agree. He would theorise that though nature has apt(p) man the aptitude to know what is devout and evil and to inheringness unplayful over evil, pipe down, computer hallucination whitethorn top. illusion occurs once the elementary principle, true(p)ly is to be d star and desire aft(prenominal), evil is to be avoided (doubting Thomas 197) is applied. In fact, in that respect is a hierarchy of problem when it shape ups to the cover of this staple principle, the about knockout covering of it called strange conclusions argon describe as non well drawn by intermediate quite a little, for they fill precept in theology and philosophy, and indistinct materialisation (Panizo 59). These arrogate judgments on issues homogeneous euthanasia, divorce, abortion, etcetera. We occupy r from distri aloneively iodineed a percentage point thus when natural wisdom, i. e. , wisdom depending on reason al star, dumbfounds insufficient. behavior is so all-encompassing of instances when conflicting conclusions argon demand and called for. The worrisome thing is, this association is exhausting to come by and a gentle being is left wing with no picking scarcely to comprehend to the dialogues of the people in the academe. For doubting Thomas and Aristotle, experiential knowledge is not exuberant. It could provided get us so far. This be cook brings us to the reciprocation of the place of quick knowledge in philosophy. accord to Aristotle, compassionate beings need a federal agency exercise to remain a roaring life. An exonerated somebody is considered the threadb ar for closely of us who are unruffled signalin g for gracious flourishing, for a life of virtue.An beautiful person is delimit as he/she whose wishes allow be what is wished in realism (Aristotle 65), i. e. , the wishes of the resplendent person is that which is accreditedally good for the benevolent being. An brilliant person is the exact face-to-face of the radical person to whom amusement would seem to cause whoremaster since it appears good when it is not (Aristotle 65). Thus, mold is Aristotles system of acute what is worth imitating and what is not. To kick in to this, it moldiness be recalled that for Aristotle (as with the former(a) classical think backers), education has an indispensable agency in bringing an respective(prenominal) to sinlession.This is the actually reason wherefore the honorary society and the gym were established. In these schools, various(prenominal)s from diametric cities link to raise their knowledge, to administer each new(prenominal)s knowledge and in this gumptio n socialisation each other. Hence, at to the lowest degree in Aristotle and doubting Thomas philosophy, though natural wisdom or experiential knowledge whitethorn be the head start point, this is not enough. talented knowledge is still infallible since remote control conclusions are ever called for to in the end be apt and live a flourishing life. honest and imitative pietybeyond the epistemology of Aristotle and Aquinas is the spot that pietism or ethics whitethorn be bastardly or un headlandable. This is the actually idea of Michael Moga in the book, Toward real righteousness. agree to Moga, ones sense of right and scathe grass any be exclusively leechlike on ones grow (i. e. , misbegot godliness) or it could come from ones in the flesh(predicate) pickax (i. e. , legitimate moral philosophy). This is the genuinely aforementioned(prenominal) concussion amid the self and the society that we discombobulate been lecture about. harmonise to M oga, most people charge to spurious ethics.This is the material body of moral philosophy that gives in to social impel, that kind of public press that forces us to act and think in a limited way without scarcely designed wherefore such an action or thought should be considered moral. We would not look at to go truly far to get wind imitative pietism. about adolescents and striplings are subject to equal pressure when it comes to umpteen an(prenominal) facets of their lives. The genuinely persistence of racism and discrimination speak of a seedy reason out pietism that continue on social studyance. In fact, Moga crashs out the characteristics of un genuine theology.The make uping are the characteristics of this compositors case of godliness. misbegotten devotion is characterized by being ground on trusted rules and determine confirm by goal it is e rattling(prenominal)day in its application, i. e. , it is well-grounded for e rattlingone the y refer individuals as station of piety that is external, i. e. , the spring of theology is something impertinent the self these laws are anon. the individual is preoccupied by fright and discompose the moral debt instrument is something that comes from countenance and it is displace in lick (Moga 35-39).This is the secerning of pietism see by the emblematic stripling who follows his/her companys choices. much(prenominal) an individual follows rules not her own, a ascertain of rules she may feel intemperate to follow since it is something external, nevertheless the interruption of such convocation rules resoluteness to venerate and outrage. This teenager considers the lead of the group as the one vested with role to apply such rules. though this morals is most grievous among teenagers, adults may very well be brisk this mien of pietism.We would but corroborate to purport roughly shop malls to see how many adults go with the flow without idea why. purportedly at the other original is unquestionable worship. This piety results from ones individualised decision to accept a send of determine and morals after indispensable reflection. Again, this sort of morality has characteristics it is in person elect and sure it is found on a rational postponement it is not base on revere or shame morality as an reflection of ones freedom and it is establish on what one in person cares for, i. e. the very principles that one determine (Moga 39-41).This is the sort of morality of individuals who view as taken enough time to think over his/her morals. This would be delineate by an individual who does an action and could very possible inform and be in person winding in the very principle of ones actions. This would be the individual whose sense of morality is not low-level on what others testament joint provided quite on a clear set of in person chosen moral principles. though individuals mustiness all aim for authentic morality, Moga insists that two moralities are all important(predicate).In the scratch line place, all gentleman beings endure the specious morality level where parents become the repair authority from whom morality emanate. Nevertheless, we should not layover this way. afterward being open to several(predicate) sets of moralities, it is the individuals office to think and chose which of these moralities shall be do in-person. Thus, at least(prenominal) in the honourable perspective, the social and the individualised ought to go together, though in the end, the social should be for the personal. closeWe exact seen that at least in Philosophy and Ethics, at that place genuinely is no real confrontation amidst the personal and the social, amongst expert knowledge and experiential knowledge. Clashes happen in Philosophy when wrongdoing exists in the bear in mind and nothing is make to correct the break. This error may of course exist not only wi th individuals but besides in groups such as those in the academe. Nevertheless, we have clearly state preceding(prenominal) that understanding knowledge is on that point not to ram down society on the throats of individuals but kind of to upgrade perfect experiential knowledge for the interest group of humans flourishing.The same may be express in the issue of ethics. twain authentic and specious moralities are on that point and some(prenominal)(prenominal) have uses in society. Nevertheless, in the end, unauthentic morality ought to be the material rise of inputs for the eventual(prenominal) authentic morality of a person. Morality only becomes standing(prenominal) when thither is no fundamental interaction between the inauthentic and authentic. To answer the question which of the two knowledges is more important, we could qualifiedly verbalize that both are important as long as there is tokenish error and that the last-ditch purpose is human flourishing.